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10 R f
(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2203 1560 t
(Murray Hill, NJ 07974)3 916 1 2242 1680 t
(Computing Science Technical Report No. 149)5 1848 1 1776 2853 t
12 B f
(A Fortran-to-C Converter)2 1343 1 2028 3147 t
10 I f
(S. I. Feldman)2 538 1 2406 3411 t
10 S f
(*)2944 3361 w
10 I f
(David M. Gay)2 568 1 2416 3531 t
(Mark W. Maimone)2 751 1 2299 3651 t
(\262)3050 3601 w
(N. L. Schryer)2 533 1 2433 3771 t
10 R f
(Last updated March 22, 1995.)4 1198 1 2101 6231 t
(Originally issued May 16, 1990.)4 1294 1 2053 6351 t
10 S f
(*)1440 6831 w
10 R f
(Bell Communications Research, Morristown, NJ 07960)5 2224 1 1490 6881 t
(\262)1440 7011 w
(Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213)4 2044 1 1490 7061 t
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12 B f
(A Fortran to C Converter)4 1323 1 2218 1220 t
10 R f
(S. I. Feldman)2 539 1 2610 1416 t
10 I f
(Bellcore)2711 1574 w
(Morristown, NJ 07960)2 909 1 2425 1694 t
10 R f
(David M. Gay)2 574 1 2593 1890 t
10 I f
(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 985 1 2387 2048 t
(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1268 1 2246 2168 t
10 R f
(Mark W. Maimone)2 768 1 2496 2364 t
10 I f
(Carnegie-Mellon University)1 1129 1 2315 2522 t
(Pittsburgh, PA 15213)2 870 1 2445 2642 t
10 R f
(N. L. Schryer)2 543 1 2608 2838 t
10 I f
(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 985 1 2387 2996 t
(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1268 1 2246 3116 t
10 R f
(ABSTRACT)2618 3389 w
(We describe)1 500 1 1080 3623 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1610 3623 t
10 R f
( 77 into C or C++.)5 765(, a program that translates Fortran)5 1378 2 1748 3623 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 3947 3623 t
10 R f
(lets one port-)2 539 1 4141 3623 t
(ably mix C and Fortran and makes a large body of well-tested Fortran source code avail-)15 3600 1 1080 3743 t
(able to C environments.)3 955 1 1080 3863 t
10 B f
(1. INTRODUCTION)1 900 1 720 4136 t
10 R f
( it is)2 177( Sometimes)1 497( desirable for several reasons.)4 1190( is)1 93( 11])1 149(Automatic conversion of Fortran 77 [1] to C [10,)8 1964 6 970 4302 t
( At)1 150(useful to run a well-tested Fortran program on a machine that has a C compiler but no Fortran compiler.)18 4170 2 720 4422 t
( things are impossible to express in Fortran 77 or)9 2002( Some)1 283( and Fortran.)2 523(other times, it is convenient to mix C)7 1512 4 720 4542 t
( storage management, some character operations, arrays of)7 2396(are harder to express in Fortran than in C \(e.g.)9 1924 2 720 4662 t
( pro-)1 206(functions, heterogeneous data structures, and calls that depend on the operating system\), and some)13 4114 2 720 4782 t
( for carrying)2 502( is a large body of well tested Fortran source code)10 2020( There)1 285(grammers simply prefer C to Fortran.)5 1513 4 720 4902 t
( desirable to exploit some of this Fortran)7 1743(out a wide variety of useful calculations, and it is sometimes)10 2577 2 720 5022 t
( but the details vary)4 796( vendors provide some way of mixing C and Fortran,)9 2147( Many)1 286(source in a C environment.)4 1091 4 720 5142 t
( a)1 87( Fortran to C conversion lets one create)7 1691( Automatic)1 489(from system to system.)3 979 4 720 5262 t
10 I f
(portable)4009 5262 w
10 R f
(C program that)2 641 1 4399 5262 t
(exploits Fortran source code.)3 1159 1 720 5382 t
10 R f
( to C conversion is that it allows such tools as)10 1908(A side bene\256t of automatic Fortran 77)6 1568 2 970 5548 t
10 I f
(cyntax)4479 5548 w
10 R f
(\(1\) and)1 293 1 4747 5548 t
10 I f
(lint)720 5668 w
10 R f
( and portability checks that the)5 1289( to provide Fortran 77 programs with some of the consistency)10 2594(\(1\) [4])1 295 3 862 5668 t
( consistency checks detect errors in calling)6 1851( The)1 228(Pfort Veri\256er [13] provided to Fortran 66 programs.)7 2241 3 720 5788 t
(sequences and are thus a boon to debugging.)7 1780 1 720 5908 t
10 R f
(This paper describes)2 828 1 970 6074 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1828 6074 t
10 R f
(, a Fortran 77 to C converter based on Feldman's original)10 2344 1 1966 6074 t
10 I f
(f)4340 6074 w
10 R f
(77 compiler [6].)2 656 1 4384 6074 t
(We have used)2 571 1 720 6194 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1322 6194 t
10 R f
( large programs and subroutine libraries to C automatically \(i.e., with)10 2816(to convert various)2 733 2 1491 6194 t
(no manual intervention\); these include the)5 1714 1 720 6314 t
8 R f
(PORT3)2465 6314 w
10 R f
(subroutine library \()2 783 1 2742 6314 t
8 R f
(PORT1)3525 6314 w
10 R f
( MINOS)1 353( 8]\),)1 157(is described in [7,)3 728 3 3802 6314 t
( \257oating-point test is of particular interest, as it relies heav-)10 2381( The)1 207([12], and Schryer's \257oating-point test [14].)5 1732 3 720 6434 t
(ily on correct evaluation of parenthesized expressions and is bit-level self-testing.)10 3258 1 720 6554 t
10 R f
( compiled from the C produced)5 1256(As a debugging aid, we sought bit-level compatibility between objects)9 2814 2 970 6720 t
(by)720 6840 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 849 6840 t
10 R f
(and objects produced by our local)5 1370 1 1016 6840 t
10 I f
(f)2415 6840 w
10 R f
( we developed)2 582( is, on the VAX where)5 918( That)1 237(77 compiler.)1 509 4 2459 6840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4733 6840 t
10 R f
(, we)1 169 1 4871 6840 t
( been)1 222(sought to make it impossible to tell by running a Fortran program whether some of its modules had)17 4098 2 720 6960 t
(compiled by)1 500 1 720 7080 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1248 7080 t
10 R f
(or all had been compiled by)5 1122 1 1413 7080 t
10 I f
(f)2562 7080 w
10 R f
( meant that)2 448(77. This)1 355 2 2606 7080 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3436 7080 t
10 R f
(should follow the same calling con-)5 1439 1 3601 7080 t
(ventions as)1 447 1 720 7200 t
10 I f
(f)1192 7200 w
10 R f
(77 [6] and should use)4 860 1 1236 7200 t
10 I f
(f)2121 7200 w
10 R f
(77's support libraries,)2 874 1 2165 7200 t
10 I f
(libF77)3064 7200 w
10 R f
(and)3356 7200 w
10 I f
(libI77)3525 7200 w
10 R f
(.)3764 7200 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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10 R f
(- 2 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
( to make)2 370(Although we have tried)3 976 2 970 840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2354 840 t
10 R f
('s output reasonably readable, our goal of strict compatibility)8 2548 1 2492 840 t
(with)720 960 w
10 I f
(f)942 960 w
10 R f
( statements, in particular, generally get)5 1645( Input/output)1 564(77 implies some nasty looking conversions.)5 1845 3 986 960 t
( of calls on routines in)5 951(expanded into a series)3 917 2 720 1080 t
10 I f
(libI77)2625 1080 w
10 R f
(,)2864 1080 w
10 I f
(f)2926 1080 w
10 R f
( the C output of)4 676( Thus)1 262(77's I/O library.)2 670 3 2970 1080 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4615 1080 t
10 R f
(would)4790 1080 w
( to maintain as C; it would be much more sensible to maintain the)13 2747(probably be something of a nightmare)5 1573 2 720 1200 t
( commercial vendors, e.g., those listed in)6 1685( Some)1 286( it changed.)2 479(original Fortran, translating it anew each time)6 1870 4 720 1320 t
( perform translations yielding C that one might reasonably maintain directly; these)11 3454(Appendix A, seek to)3 866 2 720 1440 t
(translations generally require some manual intervention.)5 2252 1 720 1560 t
10 R f
( conventions used)2 718( 2 describes the interlanguage)4 1186( Section)1 350(The rest of this paper is organized as follows.)8 1816 4 970 1743 t
(by)720 1863 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 848 1863 t
10 R f
(\(and)1014 1863 w
10 I f
(f)1219 1863 w
10 R f
( summarizes some extensions to Fortran 77 that)7 1928(77\). \2473)1 311 2 1263 1863 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3529 1863 t
10 R f
( invocations)1 488(recognizes. Example)1 858 2 3694 1863 t
(of)720 1983 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 833 1983 t
10 R f
( illustrates various details of)4 1147( \2475)1 155(appear in \2474.)2 528 3 1001 1983 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2861 1983 t
10 R f
( issues.)1 295('s translations, and \2476 considers portability)5 1746 2 2999 1983 t
(\2477 discusses the generation and use of)6 1555 1 720 2103 t
10 I f
(prototypes)2305 2103 w
10 R f
( and ANSI C compilers)4 954(, which can be used both by C++)7 1351 2 2735 2103 t
(and by)1 279 1 720 2223 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1034 2223 t
10 R f
( describes our experience with an experimental)6 1938( \2478)1 160(to check consistency of calling sequences.)5 1735 3 1207 2223 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 720 2343 t
10 R f
(service provided by)2 805 1 892 2343 t
10 I f
(netlib)1731 2343 w
10 R f
( A lists some vendors)4 893( Appendix)1 452([5], and \2479 considers possible extensions.)5 1702 3 1993 2343 t
( B contains a)3 546( Appendix)1 427( Finally,)1 367(who offer conversion of Fortran to C that one might maintain as C.)12 2774 4 720 2463 t
10 I f
(man)4868 2463 w
10 R f
(page telling how to use)4 927 1 720 2583 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1672 2583 t
10 R f
(.)1810 2583 w
10 B f
(2. INTERLANGUAGE CONVENTIONS)2 1765 1 720 2915 t
10 R f
(Much of the material in this section is taken from [6].)10 2139 1 970 3098 t
10 B f
(Names)720 3430 w
10 R f
(An)970 3613 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1122 3613 t
10 R f
( \(until recently called Fortran 8x [2]\) is that long names are)11 2431(extension inspired by Fortran 90)4 1319 2 1290 3613 t
(allowed \()1 380 1 720 3733 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1100 3733 t
10 R f
( To)1 166( 50 characters\), and names may contain underscores.)7 2137(truncates names that are longer than)5 1468 3 1269 3733 t
( and with names that)4 875(avoid con\257ict with the names of library routines)7 2000 2 720 3853 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3632 3853 t
10 R f
(generates, Fortran names may)3 1233 1 3807 3853 t
( lower case \(unless the)4 967( names are forced to)4 876( Fortran)1 361(have one or two underscores appended.)5 1658 4 720 3973 t
10 CW f
(-U)4623 3973 w
10 R f
(option)4784 3973 w
( names of Fortran procedures and common)6 1767(described in Appendix B is in effect\); external names, i.e., the)10 2553 2 720 4093 t
( contain any underscores and have a pair of under-)9 2031(blocks, have a single underscore appended if they do not)9 2289 2 720 4213 t
( named)1 316( Fortran subroutines)2 853( Thus)1 274(scores appended if they do contain underscores.)6 2053 4 720 4333 t
10 CW f
(ABC)4266 4333 w
10 R f
(,)4446 4333 w
10 CW f
(A_B_C)4521 4333 w
10 R f
(, and)1 219 1 4821 4333 t
10 CW f
(A_B_C_)720 4453 w
10 R f
(result in C functions named)4 1105 1 1105 4453 t
10 CW f
(abc_)2235 4453 w
10 R f
(,)2475 4453 w
10 CW f
(a_b_c_ _)1 444 1 2525 4453 t
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 2969 4453 t
10 CW f
(a_b_c_ _ _)2 528 1 3188 4453 t
10 R f
(.)3716 4453 w
10 B f
(Types)720 4785 w
10 R f
( use types)2 442(The table below shows corresponding Fortran and C declarations; the C declarations)11 3628 2 970 4968 t
(de\256ned in)1 414 1 720 5088 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)1176 5088 w
10 R f
(, a header \256le upon which)5 1116 1 1476 5088 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2634 5088 t
10 R f
( table also shows the C types)6 1251( The)1 221( rely.)1 221('s translations)1 575 4 2772 5088 t
(de\256ned in the standard version of)5 1334 1 720 5208 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)2079 5208 w
10 R f
(.)2379 5208 w
10 S f
(_ _______________________________________________________)1 2789 1 1485 5334 t
10 R f
( standard)1 948(Fortran C)1 1059 2 1757 5454 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)3789 5454 w
10 R f
(integer)1535 5634 w
10 S f
(*)1812 5634 w
10 R f
( int x;)2 234( short)1 660( x;)1 103( shortint)1 742(2 x)1 125 5 1862 5634 t
( int x;)2 234( long)1 667( x;)1 103( integer)1 813(integer x)1 352 5 1535 5754 t
( int x;)2 234( long)1 635( int x;)2 234( long)1 719(logical x)1 347 5 1535 5874 t
( x;)1 103( \257oat)1 795( x;)1 103( real)1 813(real x)1 224 5 1535 5994 t
( x;)1 103( double)1 617( x;)1 103( doublereal)1 571(double precision x)2 738 5 1535 6114 t
( { \257oat r, i; } x;)6 616( struct)1 644( x;)1 103( complex)1 813(complex x)1 419 5 1535 6234 t
( { double r, i; } x;)6 710( struct)1 372( x;)1 103( doublecomplex)1 788(double complex x)2 716 5 1535 6354 t
(character)1535 6474 w
10 S f
(*)1899 6474 w
10 R f
( x[6];)1 219( char)1 650( x[6];)1 219( char)1 520(6 x)1 125 5 1949 6474 t
10 S f
( \347)1 -2789(_ _______________________________________________________)1 2789 2 1485 6494 t
(\347)1485 6434 w
(\347)1485 6334 w
(\347)1485 6234 w
(\347)1485 6134 w
(\347)1485 6034 w
(\347)1485 5934 w
(\347)1485 5834 w
(\347)1485 5734 w
(\347)1485 5634 w
(\347)1485 5534 w
(\347)1485 5434 w
(\347)4274 6494 w
(\347)4274 6434 w
(\347)4274 6334 w
(\347)4274 6234 w
(\347)4274 6134 w
(\347)4274 6034 w
(\347)4274 5934 w
(\347)4274 5834 w
(\347)4274 5734 w
(\347)4274 5634 w
(\347)4274 5534 w
(\347)4274 5434 w
10 R f
(By the rules of Fortran,)4 951 1 720 6720 t
10 CW f
(integer, logical,)1 990 1 1700 6720 t
10 R f
(and)2720 6720 w
10 CW f
(real)2894 6720 w
10 R f
(data occupy the same amount of memory, and)7 1876 1 3164 6720 t
10 CW f
(double precision)1 965 1 720 6840 t
10 R f
(and)1715 6840 w
10 CW f
(complex)1889 6840 w
10 R f
(occupy twice this amount;)3 1064 1 2339 6840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3432 6840 t
10 R f
(assumes that the types in the C col-)7 1441 1 3599 6840 t
( \(in)1 151(umn above are chosen)3 931 2 720 6960 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)1842 6960 w
10 R f
( translations of the Fortran)4 1120( The)1 220(\) so that these assumptions are valid.)6 1558 3 2142 6960 t
10 CW f
(equivalence)720 7080 w
10 R f
(and)1408 7080 w
10 CW f
(data)1580 7080 w
10 R f
( some machines, one must modify)5 1376( On)1 174(statements depend on these assumptions.)4 1643 3 1847 7080 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)720 7200 w
10 R f
( \2476 for examples and further discussion.)6 1600( See)1 194(to make these assumptions hold.)4 1297 3 1045 7200 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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10 R f
(- 3 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
10 B f
(Return Values)1 619 1 720 840 t
10 R f
(A function of type)3 753 1 970 998 t
10 CW f
(integer)1754 998 w
10 R f
(,)2174 998 w
10 CW f
(logical)2230 998 w
10 R f
(, or)1 139 1 2650 998 t
10 CW f
(double precision)1 966 1 2820 998 t
10 R f
(must be declared as a C func-)6 1222 1 3818 998 t
( the)1 148( If)1 117(tion that returns the corresponding type.)5 1603 3 720 1118 t
10 CW f
(-R)2613 1118 w
10 R f
(option is in effect \(see Appendix B\), the same is true of a)12 2282 1 2758 1118 t
(function of type)2 694 1 720 1238 t
10 CW f
(real)1467 1238 w
10 R f
(; otherwise, a)2 591 1 1707 1238 t
10 CW f
(real)2351 1238 w
10 R f
( as a C function that returns)6 1278(function must be declared)3 1118 2 2644 1238 t
10 CW f
(doublereal)720 1358 w
10 R f
(; this hack facilitates our VAX regression testing, as it duplicates the behavior of our local)15 3720 1 1320 1358 t
(Fortran compiler \()2 738 1 720 1478 t
10 I f
(f)1458 1478 w
10 R f
(77\). A)1 283 1 1502 1478 t
10 CW f
(complex)1814 1478 w
10 R f
(or)2263 1478 w
10 CW f
(double complex)1 844 1 2375 1478 t
10 R f
(function is equivalent to a C routine with an)8 1792 1 3248 1478 t
( Thus,)1 275(additional initial argument that points to the place where the return value is to be stored.)15 3518 2 720 1598 t
9 CW f
(complex function f\( . . . \))6 1458 1 1008 1761 t
10 R f
(is equivalent to)2 611 1 720 1944 t
9 CW f
(void f_\(temp, . . .\))4 1080 1 1008 2107 t
(complex)1008 2207 w
9 S f
(*)1440 2207 w
9 CW f
(temp;)1485 2207 w
(. . .)2 270 1 1062 2307 t
10 R f
( equivalent to a C routine with two extra initial arguments: a data address and)14 3110(A character-valued function is)3 1210 2 720 2490 t
( Thus,)1 275(a length.)1 344 2 720 2610 t
9 CW f
(character)1008 2773 w
9 S f
(*)1494 2773 w
9 CW f
(15 function g\( . . . \))6 1188 1 1539 2773 t
10 R f
(is equivalent to)2 611 1 720 2956 t
9 CW f
(g_\(result, length, . . .\))4 1350 1 1008 3119 t
(char)1008 3219 w
9 S f
(*)1278 3219 w
9 CW f
(result;)1323 3219 w
(ftnlen length;)1 756 1 1008 3319 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1062 3419 t
10 R f
(and could be invoked in C by)6 1177 1 720 3602 t
9 CW f
(char chars[15];)1 810 1 1008 3765 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1062 3865 t
(g_\(chars, 15L, . . . \);)5 1242 1 1008 3965 t
10 R f
(Subroutines are invoked as if they were)6 1598 1 720 4148 t
10 CW f
(int)2346 4148 w
10 R f
(-valued functions whose value speci\256es which alternate return)7 2514 1 2526 4148 t
( an)1 125( return arguments \(statement labels\) are not passed to the function, but are used to do)15 3499( Alternate)1 428(to use.)1 268 4 720 4268 t
( entry points with alternate return argu-)6 1617( the subroutine has no)4 905( \(If)1 156(indexed branch in the calling procedure.)5 1642 4 720 4388 t
( statement)1 408( The)1 205(ments, the returned value is unde\256ned.\))5 1578 3 720 4508 t
9 CW f
(call nret\()1 540 1 1008 4671 t
9 S f
(*)1548 4671 w
9 CW f
(1,)1593 4671 w
9 S f
(*)1755 4671 w
9 CW f
(2,)1800 4671 w
9 S f
(*)1962 4671 w
9 CW f
(3\))2007 4671 w
10 R f
(is treated exactly as if it were the Fortran computed)9 2054 1 720 4854 t
10 CW f
(goto)2799 4854 w
9 CW f
( \))1 108( nret\()1 378(goto \(1, 2, 3\),)3 810 3 1008 5017 t
10 B f
(Argument Lists)1 669 1 720 5262 t
10 R f
( addition, for every non-function argument that is of)8 2115( In)1 137( address.)1 353(All Fortran arguments are passed by)5 1465 4 970 5420 t
( string lengths are)3 728( \(The)1 243( length of the value is passed.)6 1209(type character, an argument giving the)5 1565 4 720 5540 t
10 CW f
(ftnlen)4495 5540 w
10 R f
(val-)4885 5540 w
(ues, i.e.,)1 335 1 720 5660 t
10 CW f
(long int)1 485 1 1085 5660 t
10 R f
( of arguments is: extra arguments)5 1364( summary, the order)3 819( In)1 138(quantities passed by value\).)3 1119 4 1600 5660 t
( function, and a)3 621(for complex and character functions, an address for each datum or)10 2649 2 720 5780 t
10 CW f
(ftnlen)4015 5780 w
10 R f
(for each charac-)2 640 1 4400 5780 t
( the call in)3 419( Thus,)1 275(ter argument \(other than character-valued functions\).)5 2110 3 720 5900 t
9 CW f
(external f)1 540 1 1008 6063 t
(character)1008 6163 w
9 S f
(*)1494 6163 w
9 CW f
(7 s)1 162 1 1539 6163 t
(integer b\(3\))1 648 1 1008 6263 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1062 6363 t
(call sam\(f, b\(2\), s\))3 1080 1 1008 6463 t
10 R f
(is equivalent to that in)4 889 1 720 6646 t
9 CW f
(int f\(\);)1 432 1 1008 6809 t
(char s[7];)1 540 1 1008 6909 t
(long int b[3];)2 756 1 1008 7009 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1062 7109 t
(sam_\(f, &b[1], s, 7L\);)3 1188 1 1008 7209 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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5 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 4 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
( arrays begin at 1 by default.)6 1175(Note that the \256rst element of a C array always has subscript zero, but Fortran)14 3145 2 720 840 t
( whereas C arrays are stored in row-major order,)8 1983(Because Fortran arrays are stored in column-major order,)7 2337 2 720 960 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 720 1080 t
10 R f
( arrays into one-dimensional C arrays and issues appropriate sub-)9 2681(translates multi-dimensional Fortran)2 1469 2 890 1080 t
(scripting expressions.)1 866 1 720 1200 t
10 B f
(3. EXTENSIONS TO FORTRAN 77)4 1560 1 720 1460 t
10 R f
(Since it is derived from)4 938 1 970 1622 t
10 I f
(f)1933 1622 w
10 R f
(77,)1977 1622 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2127 1622 t
10 R f
(supports all of the)3 719 1 2290 1622 t
10 I f
(f)3035 1622 w
10 R f
(77 extensions described in [6].)4 1227 1 3079 1622 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 4357 1622 t
10 R f
('s extensions)1 520 1 4520 1622 t
(include the following.)2 880 1 720 1742 t
10 S f
(\267)720 1922 w
10 R f
(Type)791 1922 w
10 CW f
(double complex)1 854 1 1035 1922 t
10 R f
(\(alias)1928 1922 w
10 CW f
(complex*16)2183 1922 w
10 R f
(\) is a double-precision version of)5 1387 1 2783 1922 t
10 CW f
(complex)4209 1922 w
10 R f
(. Speci\256c)1 411 1 4629 1922 t
( for)1 148(intrinsic functions)1 733 2 791 2042 t
10 CW f
(double complex)1 847 1 1704 2042 t
10 R f
(have names that start with)4 1071 1 2583 2042 t
10 CW f
(z)3686 2042 w
10 R f
(rather than)1 436 1 3778 2042 t
10 CW f
(c)4246 2042 w
10 R f
( exception to)2 530(. An)1 204 2 4306 2042 t
(this rule is)2 425 1 791 2162 t
10 CW f
(dimag)1245 2162 w
10 R f
( of a)2 187(, which returns the imaginary part)5 1373 2 1545 2162 t
10 CW f
(double complex)1 845 1 3135 2162 t
10 R f
(value;)4010 2162 w
10 CW f
(imag)4284 2162 w
10 R f
(is the corre-)2 486 1 4554 2162 t
( generic intrinsic function)3 1035( The)1 207(sponding generic intrinsic function.)3 1430 3 791 2282 t
10 CW f
(real)3490 2282 w
10 R f
(is extended so that it returns the)6 1283 1 3757 2282 t
(real part of a)3 509 1 791 2402 t
10 CW f
(double complex)1 841 1 1326 2402 t
10 R f
(value as a)2 395 1 2193 2402 t
10 CW f
(double precision)1 961 1 2614 2402 t
10 R f
(value;)3601 2402 w
10 CW f
(dble)3871 2402 w
10 R f
(is the speci\256c intrinsic)3 903 1 4137 2402 t
(function that does this job.)4 1064 1 791 2522 t
10 S f
(\267)720 2702 w
10 R f
(The ``types'' that may appear in an)6 1425 1 791 2702 t
10 CW f
(implicit)2244 2702 w
10 R f
(statement include)1 705 1 2752 2702 t
10 CW f
(undefined)3485 2702 w
10 R f
( vari-)1 217(, which implies that)3 798 2 4025 2702 t
(ables whose names begin with the associated letters must be explicitly declared in a type statement.)15 4032 1 791 2822 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 4877 2822 t
10 R f
(also recognizes the Fortran 90 statement)5 1611 1 791 2942 t
9 CW f
(implicit none)1 702 1 1008 3112 t
10 R f
(as equivalent to)2 627 1 791 3302 t
9 CW f
(implicit undefined\(a-z\))1 1242 1 1008 3472 t
10 R f
(The command-line option)2 1038 1 791 3662 t
10 CW f
(-u)1854 3662 w
10 R f
(has the effect of inserting)4 1014 1 1999 3662 t
9 CW f
(implicit none)1 702 1 1008 3832 t
10 R f
(at the beginning of each Fortran procedure.)6 1726 1 791 4022 t
10 S f
(\267)720 4202 w
10 R f
( themselves recursively, i.e., may call themselves either directly or indirectly through)11 3436(Procedures may call)2 813 2 791 4202 t
(a chain of other calls.)4 856 1 791 4322 t
10 S f
(\267)720 4502 w
10 R f
(The keywords)1 579 1 791 4502 t
10 CW f
(static)1406 4502 w
10 R f
(and)1802 4502 w
10 CW f
(automatic)1982 4502 w
10 R f
(act as ``types'' in type and implicit statements; they specify)9 2482 1 2558 4502 t
( of each)2 325( is exactly one copy)4 817( There)1 288(storage classes.)1 621 4 791 4622 t
10 CW f
(static)2872 4622 w
10 R f
(variable, and such variables retain their val-)6 1778 1 3262 4622 t
( of a)2 189( the other hand, each invocation)5 1300( On)1 177(ues between invocations of the procedure in which they appear.)9 2583 4 791 4742 t
(procedure gets new copies of the procedure's)6 1877 1 791 4862 t
10 CW f
(automatic)2705 4862 w
10 R f
(variables.)3282 4862 w
10 CW f
(Automatic)3729 4862 w
10 R f
(variables may not)2 734 1 4306 4862 t
(appear in)1 392 1 791 4982 t
10 CW f
(equivalence)1232 4982 w
10 R f
(,)1892 4982 w
10 CW f
(data)1967 4982 w
10 R f
(,)2207 4982 w
10 CW f
(namelist)2282 4982 w
10 R f
(, or)1 158 1 2762 4982 t
10 CW f
(save)2970 4982 w
10 R f
( command-line option)2 933(statements. The)1 677 2 3260 4982 t
10 CW f
(-a)4920 4982 w
10 R f
(changes the default storage class from)5 1526 1 791 5102 t
10 CW f
(static)2342 5102 w
10 R f
(to)2727 5102 w
10 CW f
(automatic)2830 5102 w
10 R f
(\(for all variables except those that appear)6 1645 1 3395 5102 t
(in)791 5222 w
10 CW f
(common)894 5222 w
10 R f
(,)1254 5222 w
10 CW f
(data)1304 5222 w
10 R f
(,)1544 5222 w
10 CW f
(equivalence)1594 5222 w
10 R f
(,)2254 5222 w
10 CW f
(namelist)2304 5222 w
10 R f
(, or)1 133 1 2784 5222 t
10 CW f
(save)2942 5222 w
10 R f
(statements\).)3207 5222 w
10 S f
(\267)720 5402 w
10 R f
( free-format line, which may extend beyond)6 1784(A tab in the \256rst 6 columns signi\256es that the current line is a)13 2465 2 791 5402 t
( ampersand)1 459( An)1 174(column 72.)1 452 3 791 5522 t
10 CW f
(&)1903 5522 w
10 R f
(in column 1 indicates that the current line is a free-format continuation line.)12 3050 1 1990 5522 t
( have neither an ampersand in column 1 nor a tab in the \256rst 6 columns are treated as Fortran 77)20 3852(Lines that)1 397 2 791 5642 t
( with blanks until they are 72)6 1166( shorter than 72 characters, they are padded on the right)10 2229( if)1 112(\256xed-format lines:)1 742 4 791 5762 t
( taking)1 277( After)1 262(characters long; if longer than 72 characters, the characters beyond column 72 are discarded.)13 3710 3 791 5882 t
( this is the only constraint on)6 1204(continuations into account, statements may be up to 1320 characters long;)10 3045 2 791 6002 t
( the Fortran 77 standard, which allows at most 19)9 1994( limit is implied by)4 767( \(This)1 262(the length of free-format lines.)4 1226 4 791 6122 t
(continuation lines; 1320)2 967 1 791 6242 t
10 S f
(=)1807 6242 w
10 R f
(\( 1)1 91 1 1911 6242 t
10 S f
(+)2042 6242 w
10 R f
(19 \))1 141 1 2137 6242 t
10 S f
(\264)2327 6242 w
10 R f
(66.\))2423 6242 w
10 S f
(\267)720 6422 w
10 R f
(Aside from quoted strings,)3 1066 1 791 6422 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1882 6422 t
10 R f
(ignores case \(unless the)3 945 1 2045 6422 t
10 CW f
(-U)3015 6422 w
10 R f
(option is in effect\).)3 760 1 3160 6422 t
10 S f
(\267)720 6602 w
10 R f
(The statement)1 563 1 791 6602 t
9 CW f
(include 'stuff')1 810 1 1008 6772 t
10 R f
(is replaced by the contents of the \256le)7 1551 1 791 6962 t
10 I f
(stuff)2379 6962 w
10 R f
(. Unless)1 359 1 2560 6962 t
10 I f
(stuff)2956 6962 w
10 R f
( \256le name,)2 445(appears to be an absolute)4 1051 2 3174 6962 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4708 6962 t
10 R f
(\256rst)4884 6962 w
(looks for)1 370 1 791 7082 t
10 I f
(stuff)1198 7082 w
10 R f
( to \256nd)2 308( Failing)1 346(in the directory of the \256le it is currently reading.)9 2033 3 1416 7082 t
10 I f
(stuff)4140 7082 w
10 R f
(there, it looks in)3 683 1 4357 7082 t
(directories speci\256ed by)2 934 1 791 7202 t
10 CW f
(-I)1789 7202 w
10 I f
(dir)1909 7202 w
10 R f
(command-line options; there can be several such options, each specifying)9 2984 1 2056 7202 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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6 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 5 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
(one directory.)1 558 1 791 840 t
10 CW f
(Include)1403 840 w
10 R f
( command-line option)2 889( The)1 208( depth, currently ten.)3 838(s may be nested to a reasonable)6 1282 4 1823 840 t
10 CW f
(-!I)791 960 w
10 R f
(disables)1020 960 w
10 CW f
(include)1391 960 w
10 R f
(s; this option is used by the)6 1234 1 1811 960 t
10 I f
( 2c)1 110(netlib f)1 305 2 3094 960 t
10 R f
( \(for which)2 493(service described in \2478)3 989 2 3558 960 t
10 CW f
(include)791 1080 w
10 R f
(obviously makes no sense\).)3 1099 1 1236 1080 t
10 S f
(\267)720 1260 w
10 I f
(F)791 1260 w
10 R f
(77 allows binary, octal, and hexadecimal constants to appear in)9 2598 1 860 1260 t
10 CW f
(data)3491 1260 w
10 R f
(statements;)3764 1260 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4247 1260 t
10 R f
(goes somewhat)1 622 1 4418 1260 t
( a decimal integer constant)4 1090(further, allowing such constants to appear anywhere; they are treated just like)11 3159 2 791 1380 t
( hexadecimal constants may assume one of two forms: a)9 2321( octal, and)2 427( Binary,)1 354(having the equivalent value.)3 1147 4 791 1500 t
( quoted string of digits, or a decimal base, followed by a sharp sign)13 2748(letter followed by a)3 797 2 791 1620 t
10 CW f
(#)4366 1620 w
10 R f
(, followed by a)3 614 1 4426 1620 t
( letter is)2 324( The)1 206(string of digits \(not quoted\).)4 1129 3 791 1740 t
10 CW f
(b)2476 1740 w
10 R f
(or)2562 1740 w
10 CW f
(B)2671 1740 w
10 R f
(for binary constants,)2 820 1 2757 1740 t
10 CW f
(o)3603 1740 w
10 R f
(or)3689 1740 w
10 CW f
(O)3798 1740 w
10 R f
(for octal constants, and)3 932 1 3884 1740 t
10 CW f
(x)4843 1740 w
10 R f
(,)4903 1740 w
10 CW f
(X)4955 1740 w
10 R f
(,)5015 1740 w
10 CW f
(z)791 1860 w
10 R f
(, or)1 185 1 851 1860 t
10 CW f
(Z)1113 1860 w
10 R f
( for example,)2 631( Thus,)1 326(for hexadecimal constants.)2 1169 3 1250 1860 t
10 CW f
(z'a7')3452 1860 w
10 R f
(,)3752 1860 w
10 CW f
(16#a7)3853 1860 w
10 R f
(,)4153 1860 w
10 CW f
(o'247')4254 1860 w
10 R f
(,)4614 1860 w
10 CW f
(8#247)4715 1860 w
10 R f
(,)5015 1860 w
10 CW f
(b'10100111')791 1980 w
10 R f
(and)1476 1980 w
10 CW f
(2#10100111)1645 1980 w
10 R f
(are all treated just like the integer)6 1336 1 2270 1980 t
10 CW f
(167)3631 1980 w
10 R f
(.)3811 1980 w
10 S f
(\267)720 2160 w
10 R f
(For compatibility with C, quoted strings may contain the following escapes:)10 3041 1 791 2160 t
10 S f
(_ __________________________________________)1 2129 1 1851 2250 t
10 CW f
(\\0)1901 2370 w
10 R f
(null)2171 2370 w
10 CW f
(\\n)3029 2370 w
10 R f
(newline)3323 2370 w
10 CW f
(\\\\)1901 2490 w
10 R f
(\\)2171 2490 w
10 CW f
(\\r)3029 2490 w
10 R f
(carriage return)1 583 1 3323 2490 t
10 CW f
(\\b)1901 2610 w
10 R f
(backspace)2171 2610 w
10 CW f
(\\t)3029 2610 w
10 R f
(tab)3323 2610 w
10 CW f
(\\f)1901 2730 w
10 R f
(form feed)1 390 1 2171 2730 t
10 CW f
(\\v)3029 2730 w
10 R f
(vertical tab)1 446 1 3323 2730 t
10 CW f
(\\')1972 2910 w
10 R f
(apostrophe \(does not terminate a string\))5 1589 1 2171 2910 t
10 CW f
(\\")1972 3030 w
10 R f
(quotation mark \(does not terminate a string\))6 1759 1 2171 3030 t
10 CW f
(\\)1972 3150 w
10 I f
(x x)1 183 1 2032 3150 t
10 R f
(, where)1 293 1 2215 3150 t
10 I f
(x)2533 3150 w
10 R f
(is any other character)3 855 1 2602 3150 t
10 S f
( \347)1 -2129(_ __________________________________________)1 2129 2 1851 3170 t
(\347)1851 3150 w
(\347)1851 3050 w
(\347)1851 2950 w
(\347)1851 2850 w
(\347)1851 2750 w
(\347)1851 2650 w
(\347)1851 2550 w
(\347)1851 2450 w
(\347)1851 2350 w
(\347)3980 3170 w
(\347)3980 3150 w
(\347)3980 3050 w
(\347)3980 2950 w
(\347)3980 2850 w
(\347)3980 2750 w
(\347)3980 2650 w
(\347)3980 2550 w
(\347)3980 2450 w
(\347)3980 2350 w
10 R f
(The)791 3360 w
10 CW f
(-!bs)971 3360 w
10 R f
(option tells)1 448 1 1236 3360 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1709 3360 t
10 R f
( dou-)1 209( strings may be delimited either by)6 1388( Quoted)1 344(not to recognize these escapes.)4 1227 4 1872 3360 t
(ble quotes \()2 482 1 791 3480 t
10 CW f
(")1298 3480 w
10 R f
(\) or by single quotes \()5 914 1 1383 3480 t
10 S f
(\242)2322 3480 w
10 R f
(\); if a string starts with one kind of quote, the other kind may be)14 2668 1 2372 3480 t
( possible, trans-)2 648( Where)1 324( escape.)1 324(embedded in the string without being repeated or quoted by a backslash)11 2953 4 791 3600 t
(lated strings are null-terminated.)3 1298 1 791 3720 t
10 S f
(\267)720 3900 w
10 R f
(Hollerith strings are treated as character strings.)6 1909 1 791 3900 t
10 S f
(\267)720 4080 w
10 R f
(In)791 4080 w
10 CW f
(equivalence)908 4080 w
10 R f
( given a single subscript, in which)6 1423(statements, a multiply-dimensioned array may be)5 2015 2 1602 4080 t
( subscripts are taken to be 1 \(for backward compatibility with Fortran 66\) and a warning)15 3584(case the missing)2 665 2 791 4200 t
(message is issued.)2 730 1 791 4320 t
10 S f
(\267)720 4500 w
10 R f
( library \()2 355(In a formatted read of non-character variables, the I/O)8 2172 2 791 4500 t
10 I f
(libI77)3318 4500 w
10 R f
(\) allows a \256eld to be terminated by a)8 1483 1 3557 4500 t
(comma.)791 4620 w
10 S f
(\267)720 4800 w
10 R f
(Type)791 4800 w
10 CW f
(real*4)1029 4800 w
10 R f
(is equivalent to)2 627 1 1422 4800 t
10 CW f
(real)2082 4800 w
10 R f
(,)2322 4800 w
10 CW f
(integer*4)2380 4800 w
10 R f
(to)2953 4800 w
10 CW f
(integer)3064 4800 w
10 R f
(,)3484 4800 w
10 CW f
(real*8)3542 4800 w
10 R f
(to)3935 4800 w
10 CW f
(double precision)1 969 1 4046 4800 t
10 R f
(,)5015 4800 w
10 CW f
(complex*8)791 4920 w
10 R f
(to)1356 4920 w
10 CW f
(complex)1459 4920 w
10 R f
(, and, as stated before,)4 889 1 1879 4920 t
10 CW f
(complex*16)2793 4920 w
10 R f
(to)3418 4920 w
10 CW f
(double complex)1 840 1 3521 4920 t
10 R f
(.)4361 4920 w
10 S f
(\267)720 5100 w
10 R f
(The type)1 372 1 791 5100 t
10 CW f
(integer*2)1208 5100 w
10 R f
(designates short integers \(translated to type)5 1828 1 1793 5100 t
10 CW f
(shortint)3666 5100 w
10 R f
( is)1 113(, which by default)3 781 2 4146 5100 t
10 CW f
(short int)1 562 1 791 5220 t
10 R f
( command-line)1 623( The)1 226( of storage.)2 488( integers are expected to occupy half a ``unit'')8 2020(\). Such)1 330 5 1353 5220 t
(options)791 5340 w
10 CW f
(-I2)1120 5340 w
10 R f
(and)1334 5340 w
10 CW f
(-i2)1512 5340 w
10 R f
(turn type)1 367 1 1726 5340 t
10 CW f
(integer)2127 5340 w
10 R f
(into)2581 5340 w
10 CW f
(integer*2)2771 5340 w
10 R f
(; see the)2 345 1 3311 5340 t
10 I f
(man)3690 5340 w
10 R f
(page \(appendix B\) for more)4 1144 1 3896 5340 t
(details.)791 5460 w
10 S f
(\267)720 5640 w
10 R f
(The binary intrinsic functions)3 1224 1 791 5640 t
10 CW f
(and)2053 5640 w
10 R f
(,)2233 5640 w
10 CW f
(or)2296 5640 w
10 R f
(,)2416 5640 w
10 CW f
(xor)2480 5640 w
10 R f
(,)2660 5640 w
10 CW f
(lshift)2724 5640 w
10 R f
(, and)1 208 1 3084 5640 t
10 CW f
(rshift)3331 5640 w
10 R f
(and the unary intrinsic function)4 1310 1 3730 5640 t
10 CW f
(not)791 5760 w
10 R f
(perform bitwise operations on)3 1234 1 1007 5760 t
10 CW f
(integer)2277 5760 w
10 R f
(or)2732 5760 w
10 CW f
(logical)2850 5760 w
10 R f
(operands. For)1 584 1 3305 5760 t
10 CW f
(lshift)3924 5760 w
10 R f
(and)4319 5760 w
10 CW f
(rshift)4498 5760 w
10 R f
(, the)1 182 1 4858 5760 t
(second operand tells how many bits to shift the \256rst operand.)10 2434 1 791 5880 t
10 S f
(\267)720 6060 w
10 I f
(LibF77)791 6060 w
10 R f
(provides two functions for accessing command-line arguments:)6 2655 1 1131 6060 t
10 CW f
(iargc\(dummy\))3831 6060 w
10 R f
(returns the)1 444 1 4596 6060 t
( ignores its argument\);)3 911(number of command-line arguments \(and)4 1674 2 791 6180 t
10 CW f
(getarg\(k,c\))3404 6180 w
10 R f
(sets the character string)3 948 1 4092 6180 t
10 CW f
(c)791 6300 w
10 R f
(to the)1 225 1 876 6300 t
10 I f
(k)1126 6300 w
10 R f
(th command-line argument \(or to blanks if)6 1698 1 1170 6300 t
10 I f
(k)2893 6300 w
10 R f
(is out of range\).)3 632 1 2962 6300 t
10 S f
(\267)720 6480 w
10 R f
(Variable,)791 6480 w
10 CW f
(common)1196 6480 w
10 R f
( the 50th)2 376(, and procedure names may be arbitrarily long, but they are truncated after)12 3108 2 1556 6480 t
( underscores \(in which case their translations will have a pair of)11 2712( names may contain)3 844(character. These)1 693 3 791 6600 t
(underscores appended\).)1 941 1 791 6720 t
10 S f
(\267)720 6900 w
10 R f
(MAIN programs may have arguments, which are ignored.)7 2314 1 791 6900 t
10 S f
(\267)720 7080 w
10 CW f
(Common)791 7080 w
10 R f
(variables may be initialized by a)5 1340 1 1185 7080 t
10 CW f
(data)2559 7080 w
10 R f
(statement in any module, not just in a)7 1563 1 2833 7080 t
10 CW f
(block data)1 610 1 4430 7080 t
10 R f
(subprogram.)791 7200 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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7 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 6 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
10 S f
(\267)720 900 w
10 R f
(The label may be omitted from a)6 1309 1 791 900 t
10 CW f
(do)2125 900 w
10 R f
(loop if the loop is terminated by an)7 1402 1 2270 900 t
10 CW f
(enddo)3697 900 w
10 R f
(statement.)4022 900 w
10 S f
(\267)720 1080 w
10 R f
(Unnamed Fortran 90)2 832 1 791 1080 t
10 CW f
(do while)1 480 1 1648 1080 t
10 R f
( a loop begins with a statement of the form)9 1712( Such)1 250(loops are allowed.)2 729 3 2153 1080 t
10 CW f
(do)2025 1200 w
10 R f
([)2205 1200 w
10 I f
(label)2238 1200 w
10 R f
(] [)1 91 1 2446 1200 t
10 CW f
(,)2537 1200 w
10 R f
(])2597 1200 w
10 CW f
(while\()2655 1200 w
10 I f
(logical expression)1 730 1 3015 1200 t
10 CW f
(\))3745 1200 w
10 R f
(and ends either after the statement labelled by)7 1832 1 791 1320 t
10 I f
(label)2648 1320 w
10 R f
(or after a matching)3 756 1 2873 1320 t
10 CW f
(enddo)3654 1320 w
10 R f
(.)3954 1320 w
10 S f
(\267)720 1500 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 791 1500 t
10 R f
(recognizes the Fortran 90 synonyms)4 1464 1 983 1500 t
10 CW f
(<)2476 1500 w
10 R f
(,)2536 1500 w
10 CW f
(<=)2590 1500 w
10 R f
(,)2710 1500 w
10 CW f
(==)2764 1500 w
10 R f
(,)2884 1500 w
10 CW f
(>=)2938 1500 w
10 R f
(,)3058 1500 w
10 CW f
(>)3112 1500 w
10 R f
(, and)1 199 1 3172 1500 t
10 CW f
(<>)3401 1500 w
10 R f
(for the Fortran comparison operators)4 1489 1 3551 1500 t
10 CW f
(.LT.)791 1620 w
10 R f
(,)1031 1620 w
10 CW f
(.LE.)1081 1620 w
10 R f
(,)1321 1620 w
10 CW f
(.EQ.)1371 1620 w
10 R f
(,)1611 1620 w
10 CW f
(.GE.)1661 1620 w
10 R f
(,)1901 1620 w
10 CW f
(.GT.)1951 1620 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 2191 1620 t
10 CW f
(.NE.)2410 1620 w
10 S f
(\267)720 1800 w
10 CW f
(Namelist)791 1800 w
10 R f
(works as in Fortran 90 [2], with a minor restriction on)10 2256 1 1306 1800 t
10 CW f
(namelist)3598 1800 w
10 R f
( must)1 231(input: subscripts)1 695 2 4114 1800 t
(have the form)2 554 1 791 1920 t
10 I f
(subscript)2240 2040 w
10 R f
([ :)1 86 1 2632 2040 t
10 I f
(subscript)2743 2040 w
10 R f
([ :)1 86 1 3135 2040 t
10 I f
(stride)3246 2040 w
10 R f
(] ])1 91 1 3499 2040 t
(For example, the Fortran)3 993 1 791 2160 t
9 CW f
(integer m\(8\))1 648 1 1008 2345 t
(real x\(10,10\))1 702 1 1008 2445 t
(namelist /xx/ m, x)3 972 1 1008 2545 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 2645 t
(read\(*,xx\))1008 2745 w
10 R f
(could read)1 418 1 791 2950 t
9 CW f
( = 9,10/)2 432( m\(7:8\))1 432(&xx x\(1,1\) = 2, x\(1:3,8:10:2\) = 1,2,3,4,5,6)6 2322 3 1008 3135 t
10 R f
(but would elicit error messages on the inputs)7 1790 1 791 3340 t
9 CW f
(&xx x\(:3,8:10:2\) = 1,2,3,4,5,6/)3 1674 1 1008 3525 t
( 1,2,3,4,5,6/)1 702( =)1 162(&xx x\(1:3,8::2\))1 810 3 1008 3625 t
(&xx m\(7:\) = 9,10/)3 918 1 1008 3725 t
10 R f
( with the)2 358( compatibility)1 562( For)1 192(\(which inputs would be legal in Fortran 90\).)7 1786 4 791 3930 t
10 CW f
(namelist)3718 3930 w
10 R f
(variants supplied by)2 813 1 4227 3930 t
(several vendors as Fortran 77 extensions,)5 1672 1 791 4050 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2492 4050 t
10 R f
('s version of)2 507 1 2630 4050 t
10 I f
(libI77)3166 4050 w
10 R f
(permits)3434 4050 w
10 CW f
($)3763 4050 w
10 R f
(to be used instead of)4 837 1 3852 4050 t
10 CW f
(&)4718 4050 w
10 R f
(and)4807 4050 w
10 CW f
(/)4980 4050 w
10 R f
(in)791 4170 w
10 CW f
(namelist)894 4170 w
10 R f
( the Fortran shown above could read)6 1458(input. Thus)1 481 2 1399 4170 t
9 CW f
( = 9,10$end)2 594( m\(7:8\))1 432($xx x\(1,1\) = 2, x\(1:3,8:10:2\) = 1,2,3,4,5,6)6 2322 3 1008 4355 t
10 S f
(\267)720 4620 w
10 R f
(Internal list-directed and namelist I/O are allowed.)6 2015 1 791 4620 t
10 S f
(\267)720 4800 w
10 R f
(In an)1 202 1 791 4800 t
10 CW f
(open)1018 4800 w
10 R f
(statement,)1283 4800 w
10 CW f
(name=)1716 4800 w
10 R f
(is treated as)2 471 1 2041 4800 t
10 CW f
(file=)2537 4800 w
10 R f
(.)2837 4800 w
10 S f
(\267)720 4980 w
10 R f
( start with a)3 469( They)1 255(Fortran 90 inline comments are allowed.)5 1620 3 791 4980 t
10 CW f
(!)3160 4980 w
10 R f
(anywhere but column 6.)3 965 1 3270 4980 t
10 B f
(4. INVOCATION EXAMPLES)2 1342 1 720 5269 t
10 R f
(To convert the Fortran \256les)4 1093 1 970 5440 t
10 CW f
(main.f)2088 5440 w
10 R f
(and)2473 5440 w
10 CW f
(subs.f)2642 5440 w
10 R f
(, one might use the UNIX)5 1032 1 3002 5440 t
10 S f
(\322)4034 5390 w
10 R f
(command:)4138 5440 w
9 CW f
(f2c main.f subs.f)2 918 1 1008 5625 t
10 R f
(This results in translated \256les suf\256xed with)6 1782 1 720 5830 t
10 CW f
(.c)2537 5830 w
10 R f
( the resulting C \256les are)5 1007(, i.e.,)1 207 2 2657 5830 t
10 CW f
(main.c)3907 5830 w
10 R f
(and)4303 5830 w
10 CW f
(subs.c)4483 5830 w
10 R f
(. To)1 197 1 4843 5830 t
( \256les in the current directory, compile the resulting C, and create an executable pro-)14 3379(translate all the Fortran)3 941 2 720 5950 t
(gram named)1 496 1 720 6070 t
10 CW f
(myprog)1241 6070 w
10 R f
(, one might use the following pair of UNIX commands:)9 2220 1 1601 6070 t
9 CW f
(f2c *.f)1 378 1 1008 6255 t
(cc -o myprog *.c -lF77 -lI77 -lm)6 1728 1 1008 6355 t
10 R f
(The above)1 430 1 720 6560 t
10 CW f
(-lF77)1187 6560 w
10 R f
(and)1524 6560 w
10 CW f
(-lI77)1705 6560 w
10 R f
(options assume that the ``standard'' Fortran support libraries)7 2511 1 2042 6560 t
10 I f
(libF77)4591 6560 w
10 R f
(and)4896 6560 w
10 I f
(libI77)720 6680 w
10 R f
(are appropriate for use with)4 1110 1 986 6680 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2123 6680 t
10 R f
( \2476\); if)2 274( some systems this is not the case \(as further discussed in)11 2306(. On)1 199 3 2261 6680 t
(one had installed a combination of the appropriate)7 2117 1 720 6800 t
10 I f
(libF77)2878 6800 w
10 R f
(and)3186 6800 w
10 I f
(libI77)3371 6800 w
10 R f
( the)1 164(in the appropriate place, then)4 1225 2 3651 6800 t
(above example might become)3 1195 1 720 6920 t
9 CW f
(f2c *.f)1 378 1 1008 7105 t
(cc -o myprog *.c -lf2c -lm)5 1404 1 1008 7205 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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10 R f
(- 7 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
(Sometimes it is desirable to use)5 1269 1 720 840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2015 840 t
10 R f
('s)2153 840 w
10 CW f
(-R)2251 840 w
10 R f
(option, which tells)2 744 1 2397 840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3167 840 t
10 R f
( all \257oating-point operations to)4 1247(not to force)2 462 2 3331 840 t
( might argue that)3 731( \(One)1 266(be done in double precision.)4 1197 3 720 960 t
10 CW f
(-R)2956 960 w
10 R f
( \256nd the current)3 683(should be the default, but we)5 1239 2 3118 960 t
(arrangement more convenient for testing)4 1624 1 720 1080 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2369 1080 t
10 R f
(.\) With)1 308 1 2507 1080 t
10 CW f
(-R)2840 1080 w
10 R f
(speci\256ed, the previous example becomes)4 1633 1 2985 1080 t
9 CW f
(f2c -R *.f)2 540 1 1008 1245 t
(cc -o myprog *.c -lf2c -lm)5 1404 1 1008 1345 t
10 R f
( is easily done by)4 706( This)1 230(Sometimes it is desirable to translate several Fortran source \256les into a single C \256le.)14 3384 3 720 1530 t
(using)720 1650 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 962 1650 t
10 R f
(as a \256lter:)2 394 1 1125 1650 t
9 CW f
(cat *.f | f2c >mystuff.c)4 1296 1 1008 1815 t
10 R f
(The)720 2000 w
10 CW f
(-A)904 2000 w
10 R f
(option lets)1 424 1 1053 2000 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1506 2000 t
10 R f
( C when)2 343(use ANSI C constructs [3], which yields more readable)8 2236 2 1673 2000 t
10 CW f
(character)4282 2000 w
10 R f
(vari-)4852 2000 w
( both)1 203( With)1 250(ables are initialized.)2 801 3 720 2120 t
10 CW f
(-A)1999 2120 w
10 R f
(and)2144 2120 w
10 CW f
(-R)2313 2120 w
10 R f
(speci\256ed, the last example becomes)4 1428 1 2458 2120 t
9 CW f
(cat *.f | f2c -A -R >mystuff.c)6 1620 1 1008 2285 t
10 R f
(For use with C++ [15], one would specify)7 1677 1 720 2470 t
10 CW f
(-C++)2422 2470 w
10 R f
(rather than)1 429 1 2687 2470 t
10 CW f
(-A)3141 2470 w
10 R f
(; the last example would then become)6 1509 1 3261 2470 t
9 CW f
(cat *.f | f2c -C++ -R >mystuff.c)6 1728 1 1008 2635 t
10 R f
(The)720 2820 w
10 CW f
(-C++)900 2820 w
10 R f
( of character strings and)4 962(option gives ANSI-style headers and old-style C formatting)7 2384 2 1165 2820 t
10 CW f
(float)4537 2820 w
10 R f
(con-)4863 2820 w
(stants \(since some C++ compilers reject the ANSI versions of these constructs\).)11 3185 1 720 2940 t
10 R f
(With ANSI C, one can use)5 1075 1 720 3099 t
10 I f
(prototypes)1822 3099 w
10 R f
( the calling sequences of procedures,)5 1483(, i.e., a special syntax describing)5 1305 2 2252 3099 t
( make using prototypes convenient, the)5 1595( To)1 167( errors in argument passing.)4 1136(to help catch)2 524 4 720 3219 t
10 CW f
(-P)4173 3219 w
10 R f
(option causes)1 547 1 4324 3219 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 3219 t
10 R f
(to create a)2 431 1 720 3339 t
10 I f
(\256le)1187 3339 w
10 CW f
(.P)1309 3339 w
10 R f
( in each input)3 577(of prototypes for the procedures de\256ned)5 1654 2 1465 3339 t
10 I f
(\256le)3733 3339 w
10 CW f
(.f)3855 3339 w
10 R f
(\(or)4012 3339 w
10 I f
(\256le)4165 3339 w
10 CW f
(.F)4287 3339 w
10 R f
(, i.e., the suf\256x)3 633 1 4407 3339 t
(``)720 3459 w
10 CW f
(.f)786 3459 w
10 R f
('' or ``)2 271 1 906 3459 t
10 CW f
(.F)1177 3459 w
10 R f
('' is replaced by ``)4 748 1 1297 3459 t
10 CW f
(.P)2045 3459 w
10 R f
( into a header \256le)4 701( could concatenate all relevant prototype \256les)6 1831(''\). One)1 343 3 2165 3459 t
(and arrange for the header to be)6 1279 1 720 3579 t
10 CW f
(#include)2026 3579 w
10 R f
( could convert all the Fortran)5 1177( One)1 219( compiled.)1 425(d with each C \256le)4 713 4 2506 3579 t
(\256les in the current directory to ANSI C and get corresponding prototype \256les by issuing the command)16 4074 1 720 3699 t
9 CW f
(f2c -P -A *.f)3 702 1 1008 3864 t
10 R f
( an argument; thus to specify)5 1177(Several command options may be combined if none but perhaps the last takes)12 3143 2 720 4049 t
10 CW f
(-R)720 4169 w
10 R f
(and get C++ prototypes for all the \256les in the current directory, one could say either)15 3340 1 865 4169 t
9 CW f
(f2c -C++ -P -R *.f)4 972 1 1008 4334 t
10 R f
(or)720 4519 w
9 CW f
(f2c -C++PR *.f)2 756 1 1008 4684 t
10 R f
(or)720 4869 w
9 CW f
(f2c -RPC++ *.f)2 756 1 1008 5034 t
10 R f
(\320 options can come in any order.)6 1356 1 720 5219 t
10 R f
( data, the)2 369(For numeric variables initialized by character)5 1825 2 720 5378 t
10 CW f
(-W)2942 5378 w
10 R f
( num-)1 264(option speci\256es the \(machine-dependent!\))3 1686 2 3090 5378 t
( option takes a numeric argument, as in)7 1577( This)1 229( discussed in \2476.)3 664(ber of characters per word and is further)7 1616 4 720 5498 t
10 CW f
(-W8)4832 5498 w
10 R f
(;)5012 5498 w
(such an option must be listed either separately or at the end of a string of other options, as in)19 3690 1 720 5618 t
9 CW f
(f2c -C++RPW8 *.f)2 864 1 1008 5783 t
10 B f
(5. TRANSLATION DETAILS)2 1299 1 720 6034 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 970 6193 t
10 R f
(is based on the ancient)4 960 1 1172 6193 t
10 I f
(f)2171 6193 w
10 R f
( compiler produced a C parse-tree,)5 1449( That)1 247(77 Fortran compiler of [6].)4 1129 3 2215 6193 t
( compiler has)2 550( The)1 211( converted into input for the second pass of the portable C compiler \(PCC\) [9].)14 3227(which it)1 332 4 720 6313 t
( it provided us)3 578( Thus,)1 276( of many current Fortran compilers.)5 1430(been used for many years and is the direct ancestor)9 2036 4 720 6433 t
( converter)1 401( The)1 205( base of Fortran knowledge and a nearly complete C representation.)10 2702(with a solid)2 469 4 720 6553 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4522 6553 t
10 R f
(is a copy)2 355 1 4685 6553 t
(of the)1 241 1 720 6673 t
10 I f
(f)997 6673 w
10 R f
( program being)2 634(77 Fortran compiler which has been altered to print out a C representation of the)14 3365 2 1041 6673 t
( program)1 371(converted. The)1 631 2 720 6793 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1755 6793 t
10 R f
(is a)1 144 1 1926 6793 t
10 I f
(horror)2103 6793 w
10 R f
( are only)2 363( Users)1 284( and hacked unmercifully.)3 1063(, based on ancient code)4 960 4 2370 6793 t
(supposed to look at its C output, not at its appalling inner workings.)12 2712 1 720 6913 t
10 R f
(Here are some examples that illustrate)5 1552 1 970 7072 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2552 7072 t
10 R f
( short but)2 390( starters, it is helpful to see a)7 1178( For)1 194('s translations.)1 588 4 2690 7072 t
(complete example:)1 757 1 720 7192 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1502 7192 t
10 R f
(turns the Fortran inner product routine)5 1534 1 1665 7192 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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9 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 8 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
9 CW f
(FUNCTION DOT\(N,X,Y\))1 1026 1 1332 820 t
(INTEGER N)1 486 1 1332 920 t
(REAL X\(N\),Y\(N\))1 756 1 1332 1020 t
(DOT = 0)2 378 1 1332 1120 t
(DO 10 I = 1, N)5 756 1 1332 1220 t
( = DOT + X\(I\)*Y\(I\))4 972(10 DOT)1 486 2 1116 1320 t
(END)1332 1420 w
10 R f
(into)720 1622 w
9 CW f
(/* dot.f -- translated by f2c \(version 19950314\).)7 2646 1 1008 1804 t
(You must link the resulting object file with the libraries:)9 3186 1 1170 1904 t
( that order\))2 648( \(in)1 324(-lf2c -lm)1 486 3 1440 2004 t
(*/)1008 2104 w
(#include "f2c.h")1 864 1 1008 2304 t
(doublereal dot_\(n, x, y\))3 1296 1 1008 2504 t
(integer *n;)1 594 1 1008 2604 t
(real *x, *y;)2 648 1 1008 2704 t
({)1008 2804 w
(/* System generated locals */)4 1566 1 1224 2904 t
(integer i__1;)1 702 1 1224 3004 t
(real ret_val;)1 702 1 1224 3104 t
(/* Local variables */)3 1134 1 1224 3304 t
(static integer i;)2 918 1 1224 3404 t
(/* Parameter adjustments */)3 1458 1 1224 3604 t
(--y;)1224 3704 w
(--x;)1224 3804 w
(/* Function Body */)3 1026 1 1224 4004 t
(ret_val = \(float\)0.;)2 1080 1 1224 4104 t
(i__1 = *n;)2 540 1 1224 4204 t
(for \(i = 1; i <= i__1; ++i\) {)8 1566 1 1224 4304 t
(/* L10: */)2 540 1 1008 4404 t
(ret_val += x[i] * y[i];)4 1242 1 1440 4504 t
(})1224 4604 w
(return ret_val;)1 810 1 1224 4704 t
(} /* dot_ */)3 648 1 1008 4804 t
10 R f
( by f2c'' comment and a)5 1048(The translated C always starts with a ``translated)7 2040 2 720 5106 t
10 CW f
(#include)3847 5106 w
10 R f
(of)4366 5106 w
10 CW f
(f2c.h)4488 5106 w
10 R f
(.)4788 5106 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 4877 5106 t
10 R f
( an underscore to the external name)6 1418(forces the variable and procedure names to lower-case and appends)9 2697 2 720 5226 t
10 CW f
(dot)4860 5226 w
10 R f
( parameter adjustments ``)3 1041( The)1 213(\(to avoid possible con\257icts with library names\).)6 1955 3 720 5346 t
10 CW f
(--x)3929 5346 w
10 R f
('' and ``)2 342 1 4109 5346 t
10 CW f
(--y)4451 5346 w
10 R f
('' account)1 409 1 4631 5346 t
( labels are retained in comments for orienteering purposes.)8 2342( Unused)1 356(for the fact that C arrays start at index 0.)9 1622 3 720 5466 t
( into references to the local variable)6 1483(Within a function, Fortran references to the function name are turned)10 2837 2 720 5586 t
10 CW f
(ret_val)720 5706 w
10 R f
( the)1 150( Unless)1 325(, which holds the value to be returned.)7 1549 3 1140 5706 t
10 CW f
(-R)3192 5706 w
10 R f
(option is speci\256ed,)2 757 1 3339 5706 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4123 5706 t
10 R f
(converts the return)2 752 1 4288 5706 t
(type of)1 291 1 720 5826 t
10 CW f
(real)1047 5826 w
10 R f
(function values to)2 740 1 1324 5826 t
10 CW f
(doublereal)2101 5826 w
10 R f
( using the C ``op='' operators leads to greater)8 1920(. Because)1 419 2 2701 5826 t
(ef\256ciency on some machines,)3 1199 1 720 5946 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1950 5946 t
10 R f
(looks for opportunities to use these operators, as in the line ``)11 2502 1 2118 5946 t
10 CW f
(ret_val)4620 5946 w
(+= ...)1 360 1 720 6066 t
10 R f
('' above.)1 379 1 1080 6066 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 970 6235 t
10 R f
( of evaluation)2 567(generally dispenses with super\257uous parentheses: ANSI C speci\256es a clear order)10 3307 2 1166 6235 t
(for \257oating-point expressions, and)3 1401 1 720 6355 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2156 6355 t
10 R f
(uses the ANSI C rules to decide when parentheses are required to)11 2712 1 2328 6355 t
( compilers are free to violate parenthe-)6 1605( Non-ANSI)1 497(faithfully translate a parenthesized Fortran expression.)5 2218 3 720 6475 t
(ses; by default,)2 614 1 720 6595 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1365 6595 t
10 R f
( to foil pernicious non-)4 936(does not attempt to break an expression into several statements)9 2570 2 1534 6595 t
( for example, the Fortran)4 995( Thus,)1 275(ANSI C compilers.)2 769 3 720 6715 t
9 CW f
(x = a*\(b*c\))2 594 1 1278 6897 t
(y = \(a*b\)*c)2 594 1 1278 6997 t
10 R f
(becomes)720 7199 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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10 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 9 -)2 166 1 2797 480 t
9 CW f
(x = a * \(b * c\);)6 864 1 1224 820 t
(y = a * b * c;)6 756 1 1224 920 t
10 R f
(The)720 1100 w
10 CW f
(-kr)912 1100 w
10 R f
(and)1129 1100 w
10 CW f
(-krd)1310 1100 w
10 R f
(options cause)1 554 1 1587 1100 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2179 1100 t
10 R f
(to use temporary variables to force correct evaluation order with)9 2685 1 2355 1100 t
(non-ANSI C compilers.)2 952 1 720 1220 t
10 R f
(Fortran I/O is complicated; like)4 1296 1 970 1376 t
10 I f
(f)2301 1376 w
10 R f
(77,)2345 1376 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2505 1376 t
10 R f
(converts a Fortran I/O statement into calls on the Fortran)9 2362 1 2678 1376 t
(I/O library)1 426 1 720 1496 t
10 I f
(libI77)1173 1496 w
10 R f
( Fortran)1 321(. For)1 216 2 1412 1496 t
10 CW f
(read)1976 1496 w
10 R f
(s and)1 210 1 2216 1496 t
10 CW f
(write)2453 1496 w
10 R f
( to)1 104(s, there is generally one call to start the statement, one)10 2183 2 2753 1496 t
( the Fortran declarations)3 973( Given)1 294(end it, and one for each item read or written.)9 1776 3 720 1616 t
9 CW f
(integer count\(10\))1 918 1 1332 1776 t
(real val\(10\))1 648 1 1332 1876 t
10 R f
(the Fortran)1 441 1 720 2056 t
9 CW f
(read\(*,*\) count, val)2 1080 1 1332 2216 t
10 R f
(is turned into some header lines:)5 1296 1 720 2396 t
9 CW f
( = 3;)2 270( _3)1 130(static integer c_)2 918 3 1008 2556 t
( = 10;)2 324( _10)1 184(static integer c_)2 918 3 1008 2656 t
( = 4;)2 270( _4)1 130(static integer c_)2 918 3 1008 2756 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 2856 t
(/* Builtin functions */)3 1242 1 1224 2956 t
(integer s_rsle\(\), do_lio\(\), e_rsle\(\);)3 1998 1 1224 3056 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 3156 t
(/* Fortran I/O blocks */)4 1296 1 1224 3256 t
( = { 0, 5, 0, 0, 0 };)8 1134( _1)1 130(static cilist io_)2 918 3 1224 3356 t
10 R f
(and the executable lines)3 956 1 720 3536 t
9 CW f
(s_rsle\(&io_ _1\);)1 832 1 1008 3696 t
( \(char *\)&count[0], \(ftnlen\)sizeof\(integer\)\);)3 2430( _10,)1 238( &c_)1 216(do_lio\(&c_ _3,)1 724 4 1008 3796 t
( \(char *\)&val[0], \(ftnlen\)sizeof\(real\)\);)3 2160( _10,)1 238( &c_)1 216(do_lio\(&c_ _4,)1 724 4 1008 3896 t
(e_rsle\(\);)1008 3996 w
10 R f
(Implicit Fortran do-loops, e.g.)3 1205 1 720 4176 t
9 CW f
(read\(*,*\) \(count\(i\), val\(i\), i = 1, 10\))6 2106 1 1332 4336 t
10 R f
(get turned into explicit C loops:)5 1270 1 720 4516 t
9 CW f
(s_rsle\(&io_ _4\);)1 832 1 1008 4676 t
(for \(i = 1; i <= 10; ++i\) {)8 1458 1 1008 4776 t
( \(char *\)&count[i - 1], \(ftnlen\)sizeof\(integer\)\);)5 2646( _1,)1 184( &c_)1 216(do_lio\(&c_ _3,)1 724 4 1224 4876 t
( \(char *\)&val[i - 1], \(ftnlen\)sizeof\(real\)\);)5 2376( _1,)1 184( &c_)1 216(do_lio\(&c_ _4,)1 724 4 1224 4976 t
(})1008 5076 w
(e_rsle\(\);)1008 5176 w
10 R f
(The Fortran)1 478 1 720 5356 t
10 CW f
(end=)1227 5356 w
10 R f
(and)1496 5356 w
10 CW f
(err=)1669 5356 w
10 R f
( as they require tests to be)6 1067(speci\256ers make the resulting C even less readable,)7 2035 2 1938 5356 t
( example,)1 388(inserted. For)1 530 2 720 5476 t
9 CW f
(read\(*,*,err=10\) count, val)2 1458 1 1332 5636 t
(10 continue)1 702 1 1062 5736 t
10 R f
(becomes)720 5916 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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11 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 10 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
( _1\);)1 238( = s_rsle\(&io_)2 756(i_ _1)1 238 3 1224 820 t
( != 0\) {)3 432( _1)1 130(if \(i_)1 324 3 1224 920 t
(goto L10;)1 486 1 1440 1020 t
(})1224 1120 w
( \(char *\)&count[0], \(ftnlen\)sizeof\(integer\)\);)3 2430( _10,)1 238( &c_)1 216( _3,)1 184( = do_lio\(&c_)2 702(i_ _1)1 238 6 1224 1220 t
( != 0\) {)3 432( _1)1 130(if \(i_)1 324 3 1224 1320 t
(goto L10;)1 486 1 1440 1420 t
(})1224 1520 w
( \(char *\)&val[0], \(ftnlen\)sizeof\(real\)\);)3 2160( _10,)1 238( &c_)1 216( _4,)1 184( = do_lio\(&c_)2 702(i_ _1)1 238 6 1224 1620 t
( != 0\) {)3 432( _1)1 130(if \(i_)1 324 3 1224 1720 t
(goto L10;)1 486 1 1440 1820 t
(})1224 1920 w
( = e_rsle\(\);)2 648(i_ _1)1 238 2 1224 2020 t
(L10:)1008 2120 w
(;)1224 2220 w
10 R f
(A Fortran routine containing)3 1146 1 970 2400 t
10 I f
(n)2141 2400 w
10 CW f
(entry)2216 2400 w
10 R f
(statements is turned into)3 975 1 2541 2400 t
10 I f
(n)3542 2400 w
10 S f
(+)3632 2400 w
10 R f
(2 C functions, a big one contain-)6 1313 1 3727 2400 t
(ing the translation of everything but the)6 1630 1 720 2520 t
10 CW f
(entry)2383 2520 w
10 R f
(statements, and)1 624 1 2716 2520 t
10 I f
(n)3373 2520 w
10 S f
(+)3463 2520 w
10 R f
(1 little ones that invoke the big one.)7 1482 1 3558 2520 t
( to the big one to tell it where to begin; the big one starts with a)16 2676(Each little one passes a different integer)6 1644 2 720 2640 t
( instance, the Fortran)3 843( For)1 189(switch that branches to the code for the appropriate entry.)9 2300 3 720 2760 t
9 CW f
(function sine\(x\))1 864 1 1332 2920 t
(data pi/3.14159265358979324/)1 1512 1 1332 3020 t
(sine = sin\(x\))2 702 1 1332 3120 t
(return)1332 3220 w
(entry cosneg\(y\))1 810 1 1332 3320 t
(cosneg = cos\(y+pi\))2 972 1 1332 3420 t
(return)1332 3520 w
(end)1332 3620 w
10 R f
(is turned into the big procedure)5 1251 1 720 3800 t
9 CW f
( x, y\))2 324( _,)1 130(doublereal sine_0_\(n_)1 1134 3 1008 3960 t
( _;)1 130(int n_)1 324 2 1008 4060 t
(real *x, *y;)2 648 1 1008 4160 t
({)1008 4260 w
(/* Initialized data */)3 1188 1 1224 4360 t
(static real pi = \(float\)3.14159265358979324;)4 2376 1 1224 4560 t
(/* System generated locals */)4 1566 1 1224 4760 t
(real ret_val;)1 702 1 1224 4860 t
(/* Builtin functions */)3 1242 1 1224 5060 t
(double sin\(\), cos\(\);)2 1080 1 1224 5160 t
( {)1 108(switch\(n_ _\))1 616 2 1224 5360 t
(case 1: goto L_cosneg;)3 1188 1 1440 5460 t
(})1440 5560 w
(ret_val = sin\(*x\);)2 972 1 1224 5760 t
(return ret_val;)1 810 1 1224 5860 t
(L_cosneg:)1008 6060 w
(ret_val = cos\(*y + pi\);)4 1242 1 1224 6160 t
(return ret_val;)1 810 1 1224 6260 t
(} /* sine_ */)3 702 1 1008 6360 t
10 R f
(and the little invoking procedures)4 1343 1 720 6540 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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12 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 11 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
(doublereal sine_\(x\))1 1026 1 1008 820 t
(real *x;)1 432 1 1008 920 t
({)1008 1020 w
(return sine_0_\(0, x, \(real *\)0\);)4 1728 1 1224 1120 t
(})1224 1220 w
(doublereal cosneg_\(y\))1 1134 1 1008 1420 t
(real *y;)1 432 1 1008 1520 t
({)1008 1620 w
(return sine_0_\(1, \(real *\)0, y\);)4 1728 1 1224 1720 t
(})1224 1820 w
10 R f
(Fortran)720 2002 w
10 CW f
(common)1039 2002 w
10 R f
(regions are turned into C)4 993 1 1424 2002 t
10 CW f
(struct)2442 2002 w
10 R f
( example, the Fortran declarations)4 1361(s. For)1 253 2 2802 2002 t
9 CW f
(common /named/ c, d, r, i, m)6 1512 1 1332 2164 t
(complex c\(10\))1 702 1 1332 2264 t
(double precision d\(10\))2 1188 1 1332 2364 t
(real r\(10\))1 540 1 1332 2464 t
(integer i\(10\))1 702 1 1332 2564 t
(logical m\(10\))1 702 1 1332 2664 t
(if \(m\(i\(2\)\)\) d\(3\) = d\(4\)/d\(5\))4 1566 1 1332 2864 t
10 R f
(result in)1 325 1 720 3046 t
9 CW f
(struct {)1 432 1 1008 3208 t
(complex c[10];)1 756 1 1224 3308 t
(doublereal d[10];)1 918 1 1224 3408 t
(real r[10];)1 594 1 1224 3508 t
(integer i[10];)1 756 1 1224 3608 t
(logical m[10];)1 756 1 1224 3708 t
(} named_;)1 486 1 1008 3808 t
(#define named_1 named_)2 1188 1 1008 4008 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 4108 t
(if \(named_1.m[named_1.i[1] - 1]\) {)4 1836 1 1224 4308 t
(named_1.d[2] = named_1.d[3] / named_1.d[4];)4 2322 1 1440 4408 t
(})1440 4508 w
10 R f
(Under the)1 396 1 720 4690 t
10 CW f
(-p)1141 4690 w
10 R f
(option, the above)2 691 1 1286 4690 t
10 CW f
(if)2002 4690 w
10 R f
(statement becomes more readable:)3 1377 1 2147 4690 t
9 CW f
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 4852 t
(#define c \(named_1.c\))2 1134 1 1008 4952 t
(#define d \(named_1.d\))2 1134 1 1008 5052 t
(#define r \(named_1.r\))2 1134 1 1008 5152 t
(#define i \(named_1.i\))2 1134 1 1008 5252 t
(#define m \(named_1.m\))2 1134 1 1008 5352 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 5452 t
(if \(m[i[1] - 1]\) {)4 972 1 1224 5552 t
(d[2] = d[3] / d[4];)4 1026 1 1440 5652 t
10 R f
(If the above)2 476 1 720 5834 t
10 CW f
(common)1221 5834 w
10 R f
(block were involved in a)4 987 1 1606 5834 t
10 CW f
(block data)1 600 1 2618 5834 t
10 R f
(subprogram, e.g.)1 671 1 3243 5834 t
9 CW f
(block data)1 540 1 1332 5996 t
(common /named/ c, d, r, i, l, m)7 1674 1 1332 6096 t
(complex c\(10\))1 702 1 1332 6196 t
(double precision d\(10\))2 1188 1 1332 6296 t
(real r\(10\))1 540 1 1332 6396 t
(integer i\(10\))1 702 1 1332 6496 t
(logical m\(10\))1 702 1 1332 6596 t
(data c\(1\)/\(1.0,0e0\)/, d\(2\)/2d0/, r\(3\)/3e0/, i\(4\)/4/,)4 2808 1 1332 6696 t
(* m\(5\)/.false./)1 1026 1 1278 6796 t
(end)1332 6896 w
10 R f
(then the)1 345 1 720 7078 t
10 CW f
(struct)1116 7078 w
10 R f
(would begin ``)2 640 1 1527 7078 t
10 CW f
(struct named_1_ {)2 1072 1 2167 7078 t
10 R f
('', and)1 287 1 3239 7078 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3578 7078 t
10 R f
(would issue a more elaborate)4 1272 1 3768 7078 t
10 CW f
(#define)720 7198 w
10 R f
(:)1140 7198 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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13 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 12 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
(#define named_1 \(*\(struct named_1_ *\) &named_\))5 2484 1 1008 820 t
(/* Initialized data */)3 1188 1 1008 1020 t
(struct {)1 432 1 1008 1220 t
(complex e_1;)1 648 1 1224 1320 t
(doublereal fill_2[10];)1 1188 1 1224 1420 t
(doublereal e_3;)1 810 1 1224 1520 t
(doublereal fill_4[9];)1 1134 1 1224 1620 t
(real e_5;)1 486 1 1224 1720 t
(integer fill_6[10];)1 1026 1 1224 1820 t
(integer e_7;)1 648 1 1224 1920 t
(integer fill_8[11];)1 1026 1 1224 2020 t
(logical e_9;)1 648 1 1224 2120 t
(integer fill_10[5];)1 1026 1 1224 2220 t
(} named_ = { \(float\)1., \(float\)0., {0}, 2., {0}, \(float\)3., {0}, 4,)11 3618 1 1224 2320 t
( };)1 162({0}, FALSE_)1 648 2 1656 2420 t
10 R f
(In this example,)2 655 1 720 2600 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1407 2600 t
10 R f
( initialization rules to supply zeros to the)7 1686(relies on C's structure)3 900 2 1577 2600 t
10 CW f
(fill_)4231 2600 w
10 I f
(n)4531 2600 w
10 R f
(arrays that)1 426 1 4614 2600 t
(take up the space for which no)6 1261 1 720 2720 t
10 CW f
(data)2013 2720 w
10 R f
( logical constants)2 706( \(The)1 244(values were given.)2 757 3 2284 2720 t
10 CW f
(TRUE_)4022 2720 w
10 R f
(and)4353 2720 w
10 CW f
(FALSE_)4528 2720 w
10 R f
(are)4919 2720 w
(de\256ned in)1 397 1 720 2840 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)1142 2840 w
10 R f
(.\))1442 2840 w
10 R f
( example,)1 390( For)1 191( of multiple-character strings generally result in function calls.)8 2509(Character manipulations)1 980 4 970 2996 t
(the Fortran)1 441 1 720 3116 t
9 CW f
(character*\(*\) function cat\(a,b\))2 1674 1 1332 3276 t
(character*\(*\) a, b)2 972 1 1332 3376 t
(cat = a // b)4 648 1 1332 3476 t
(end)1332 3576 w
10 R f
(yields)720 3756 w
9 CW f
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 3916 t
( = 2;)2 270( _2)1 130(static integer c_)2 918 3 1008 4016 t
(/* Character */ int cat_\(ret_val, ret_val_len, a, b, a_len, b_len\))9 3564 1 1008 4216 t
(char *ret_val;)1 756 1 1008 4316 t
(ftnlen ret_val_len;)1 1026 1 1008 4416 t
(char *a, *b;)2 648 1 1008 4516 t
(ftnlen a_len;)1 702 1 1008 4616 t
(ftnlen b_len;)1 702 1 1008 4716 t
({)1008 4816 w
(/* System generated locals */)4 1566 1 1224 5016 t
( _1[2];)1 346(address a_)1 540 2 1224 5116 t
( _1[2];)1 346(integer i_)1 540 2 1224 5216 t
(/* Builtin functions */)3 1242 1 1224 5416 t
(/* Subroutine */ int s_cat\(\);)4 1566 1 1224 5516 t
(/* Writing concatenation */)3 1458 1 1008 5716 t
( = a;)2 270( _1[0])1 292( = a_len, a_)3 648(i_ _1[0])1 400 4 1224 5816 t
( = b;)2 270( _1[1])1 292( = b_len, a_)3 648(i_ _1[1])1 400 4 1224 5916 t
( ret_val_len\);)1 756( _2,)1 184( &c_)1 216( _1,)1 184( i_)1 162( _1,)1 184(s_cat\(ret_val, a_)1 918 7 1224 6016 t
(} /* cat_ */)3 648 1 1008 6116 t
10 R f
( \()1 64(Note how the return-value length)4 1345 2 720 6296 t
10 CW f
(ret_val_len)2129 6296 w
10 R f
(\) and parameter lengths \()4 1021 1 2789 6296 t
10 CW f
(a_len)3810 6296 w
10 R f
(and)4141 6296 w
10 CW f
(b_len)4316 6296 w
10 R f
(\) are used.)2 424 1 4616 6296 t
( example, the body of the Fortran)6 1334( For)1 189(Single character operations are generally done in-line.)6 2158 3 720 6416 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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14 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 13 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
(character*1 function lastnb\(x,n\))2 1728 1 1332 820 t
(character*1 x\(n\))1 864 1 1332 920 t
(lastnb = ' ')3 648 1 1332 1020 t
(do 10 i = n, 1, -1)6 972 1 1332 1120 t
(if \(x\(i\) .ne. ' '\) then)5 1242 1 1494 1220 t
(lastnb = x\(i\))2 702 1 1656 1320 t
(return)1656 1420 w
(end if)1 324 1 1656 1520 t
(10 continue)1 864 1 1062 1620 t
(end)1332 1720 w
10 R f
(becomes)720 1970 w
9 CW f
(*ret_val = ' ';)3 810 1 1224 2200 t
(for \(i = *n; i >= 1; --i\) {)8 1458 1 1224 2300 t
(if \(x[i] != ' '\) {)5 972 1 1440 2400 t
(*ret_val = x[i];)2 864 1 1656 2500 t
(return ;)1 432 1 1656 2600 t
(})1440 2700 w
(/* L10: */)2 540 1 1008 2800 t
(})1224 2900 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 970 3150 t
10 R f
(uses)1159 3150 w
10 CW f
(struct)1357 3150 w
10 R f
(s and)1 209 1 1717 3150 t
10 CW f
(#define)1952 3150 w
10 R f
(s to translate)2 507 1 2372 3150 t
10 CW f
(equivalence)2905 3150 w
10 R f
( complicated example show-)3 1151( a)1 70(s. For)1 254 3 3565 3150 t
(ing the interaction of)3 880 1 720 3270 t
10 CW f
(data)1640 3270 w
10 R f
(with)1920 3270 w
10 CW f
(common)2138 3270 w
10 R f
(,)2498 3270 w
10 CW f
(equivalence)2563 3270 w
10 R f
( good measure, Hollerith notation,)4 1427(, and, for)2 390 2 3223 3270 t
(consider the Fortran)2 804 1 720 3390 t
9 CW f
(common /cmname/ c)2 918 1 1332 3620 t
(complex c\(10\))1 702 1 1332 3720 t
(double precision d\(10\))2 1188 1 1332 3820 t
(real r\(10\))1 540 1 1332 3920 t
(integer i\(10\))1 702 1 1332 4020 t
(logical m\(10\))1 702 1 1332 4120 t
(equivalence \(c\(1\),d\(1\),r\(1\),i\(1\),m\(1\)\))1 2052 1 1332 4220 t
(data c\(1\)/\(1.,0.\)/)1 972 1 1332 4320 t
(data d\(2\)/2d0/, r\(5\)/3e0/, i\(6\)/4/, m\(7\)/.true./)4 2592 1 1332 4420 t
(call sam\(c,d\(1\),r\(2\),i\(3\),m\(4\),14hsome hollerith,14\))2 2808 1 1332 4520 t
(end)1332 4620 w
10 R f
(The resulting C is)3 714 1 720 4870 t
9 CW f
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 5100 t
(struct cmname_1_ {)2 972 1 1008 5200 t
(complex c[10];)1 756 1 1224 5300 t
(};)1008 5400 w
(#define cmname_1 \(*\(struct cmname_1_ *\) &cmname_\))5 2646 1 1008 5600 t
(/* Initialized data */)3 1188 1 1008 5800 t
(struct {)1 432 1 1008 6000 t
(complex e_1;)1 648 1 1224 6100 t
(doublereal e_2;)1 810 1 1224 6200 t
(real e_3;)1 486 1 1224 6300 t
(integer e_4;)1 648 1 1224 6400 t
(logical e_5;)1 648 1 1224 6500 t
(integer fill_6[13];)1 1026 1 1224 6600 t
(} cmname_ = { \(float\)1., \(float\)0., 2., \(float\)3., 4, TRUE_ };)10 3348 1 1224 6700 t
(/* Table of constant values */)5 1620 1 1008 7000 t
( = 14;)2 324( _14)1 184(static integer c_)2 918 3 1008 7200 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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15 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 14 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
( _\(\))1 184(/* Main program */ MAIN_)4 1296 2 1008 820 t
({)1008 920 w
(/* Local variables */)3 1134 1 1224 1120 t
(#define d \(\(doublereal *\)&cmname_1\))3 1890 1 1008 1320 t
(#define i \(\(integer *\)&cmname_1\))3 1728 1 1008 1420 t
(#define l \(\(logical *\)&cmname_1\))3 1728 1 1008 1520 t
(#define r \(\(real *\)&cmname_1\))3 1566 1 1008 1620 t
(extern /* Subroutine */ int sam_\(\);)5 1890 1 1224 1720 t
( 14L\);)1 324( _14,)1 238(sam_\(cmname_1.c, d, &r[1], &i[2], &m[3], "some hollerith", &c_)7 3348 3 1224 1920 t
( */)1 162( _)1 76(} /* MAIN_)2 540 3 1008 2020 t
(#undef r)1 432 1 1008 2220 t
(#undef l)1 432 1 1008 2320 t
(#undef i)1 432 1 1008 2420 t
(#undef d)1 432 1 1008 2520 t
10 R f
(As this example shows,)3 965 1 720 2715 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1717 2715 t
10 R f
( function named)2 665(turns a Fortran MAIN program into a C)7 1633 2 1887 2715 t
10 CW f
(MAIN_ _)1 384 1 4218 2715 t
10 R f
( not)1 161(. Why)1 277 2 4602 2715 t
10 CW f
(main)720 2835 w
10 R f
(? Well,)1 319 1 960 2835 t
10 I f
(libF77)1310 2835 w
10 R f
( for \256les to be closed automatically when the)8 1832(contains a C main routine that arranges)6 1600 2 1608 2835 t
( to be printed if a \257oating-point exception occurs, and)9 2183(Fortran program stops, arranges for an error message)7 2137 2 720 2955 t
(arranges for the command-line argument accessing functions)6 2463 1 720 3075 t
10 CW f
(iargc)3213 3075 w
10 R f
(and)3542 3075 w
10 CW f
(getarg)3715 3075 w
10 R f
( This)1 232(to work properly.)2 704 2 4104 3075 t
(C main routine invokes)3 936 1 720 3195 t
10 CW f
(MAIN_ _)1 384 1 1681 3195 t
10 R f
(.)2065 3195 w
10 B f
( ISSUES)1 371(6. PORTABILITY)1 826 2 720 3465 t
10 R f
(Three portability issues are relevant to)5 1543 1 970 3630 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2540 3630 t
10 R f
( libraries \()2 416(: the portability of the support)5 1207 2 2678 3630 t
10 I f
(libF77)4301 3630 w
10 R f
(and)4596 3630 w
10 I f
(libI77)4768 3630 w
10 R f
(\))5007 3630 w
(upon which the translated C programs rely, that of the converter)10 2559 1 720 3750 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3304 3750 t
10 R f
(itself, and that of the C it produces.)7 1407 1 3467 3750 t
10 R f
( vendors \(e.g., Sun and MIPS\) have changed the calling conventions)10 2812(Regarding the \256rst issue, some)4 1258 2 970 3915 t
(for their)1 330 1 720 4035 t
10 I f
(libI77)1081 4035 w
10 R f
( MIPS\) have changed the)4 1029( vendors \(e.g.,)2 580( Other)1 283(from the original conventions \(those of [6]\).)6 1797 4 1351 4035 t
10 I f
(libF77)720 4155 w
10 R f
(calling conventions \(e.g., for)3 1154 1 1014 4155 t
10 CW f
(complex)2196 4155 w
10 R f
( having libraries)2 655( Thus,)1 278(-valued functions\).)1 757 3 2616 4155 t
10 I f
(libF77)4334 4155 w
10 R f
(and)4629 4155 w
10 I f
(libI77)4801 4155 w
10 R f
(or otherwise having library routines with the names that)8 2260 1 720 4275 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3008 4275 t
10 R f
( using a machine)3 680( When)1 290( insuf\256cient.)1 502(expects is)1 394 4 3174 4275 t
(whose vendor provides but has gratuitously changed)6 2133 1 720 4395 t
10 I f
(libF77)2884 4395 w
10 R f
(or)3182 4395 w
10 I f
(libI77)3296 4395 w
10 R f
( objects com-)2 552(, one cannot safely mix)4 953 2 3535 4395 t
(piled from the C produced by)5 1224 1 720 4515 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1978 4515 t
10 R f
(with objects compiled by the vendor's Fortran compiler, and one must)10 2891 1 2149 4515 t
(use the correct libraries with programs translated by)7 2104 1 720 4635 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2853 4635 t
10 R f
( is to)2 205( such a case, the recommended procedure)6 1682(. In)1 162 3 2991 4635 t
(obtain source for the libraries \(e.g. from)6 1602 1 720 4755 t
10 I f
(netlib)2348 4755 w
10 R f
( them into a single library, say)6 1213(\320 see \2478\), combine)3 807 2 2610 4755 t
10 CW f
(libf2c)4655 4755 w
10 R f
(,)5015 4755 w
( a UNIX system, for example, one)6 1429( On)1 182(and install the library where it they can be conveniently accessed.)10 2709 3 720 4875 t
(might install)1 504 1 720 4995 t
10 CW f
(libf2c)1249 4995 w
10 R f
(in)1634 4995 w
10 CW f
(/usr/lib/libf2c.a)1737 4995 w
10 R f
(; then one could issue the command)6 1432 1 2757 4995 t
9 CW f
(cc *.c -lf2c -lm)3 864 1 1008 5170 t
10 R f
(to compile and link a program translated by)7 1745 1 720 5365 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2490 5365 t
10 R f
(.)2628 5365 w
10 R f
( IBM, MIPS,)2 549(The converter itself is reasonably portable and has run successfully on Apollo, Cray,)12 3521 2 970 5530 t
( However,)1 448( UNIX operating system.)3 1028(SGI, Sun and DEC VAX equipment, all running some version of the)11 2844 3 720 5650 t
( be portable due to subtle storage management issues in Fortran)10 2581(we shall see that the C it produces may not)9 1739 2 720 5770 t
( any case, the C output of)6 1036(77. In)1 261 2 720 5890 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2045 5890 t
10 R f
( least if the)3 447(will run \256ne, at)3 620 2 2211 5890 t
10 CW f
(-W)3305 5890 w
10 I f
(n)3425 5890 w
10 R f
(option \(see Appendix B\) is used to set)7 1538 1 3502 5890 t
(the number of characters per word correctly, and if C)9 2121 1 720 6010 t
10 CW f
(double)2866 6010 w
10 R f
(values may fall on an odd-word boundary.)6 1694 1 3251 6010 t
10 R f
(The Fortran 77 standard says that)5 1474 1 970 6175 t
10 CW f
(Complex)2497 6175 w
10 R f
(and)2970 6175 w
10 CW f
(Double Precision)1 989 1 3168 6175 t
10 R f
(objects occupy two)2 829 1 4211 6175 t
( may be necessary to edit the)6 1177( It)1 116(``units'' of space while other non-character data types occupy one ``unit.'')10 3027 3 720 6295 t
(header \256le)1 430 1 720 6415 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)1187 6415 w
10 R f
( the Cray, for example,)4 972( On)1 185(to make these assumptions hold, if possible.)6 1839 3 1524 6415 t
10 CW f
(float)4558 6415 w
10 R f
(and)4896 6415 w
10 CW f
(double)720 6535 w
10 R f
( C types, and Fortran double precision, if available, would correspond to the C type)14 3416(are the same)2 512 2 1112 6535 t
10 CW f
(long double)1 660 1 720 6655 t
10 R f
( this case, changing the de\256nition of)6 1446(. In)1 158 2 1380 6655 t
10 CW f
(doublereal)3009 6655 w
10 R f
(in)3634 6655 w
10 CW f
(f2c.h)3737 6655 w
10 R f
(from)4062 6655 w
9 CW f
(typedef double doublereal;)2 1404 1 1008 6830 t
10 R f
(to)720 7025 w
9 CW f
(typedef long double doublereal;)3 1674 1 1008 7200 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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16 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 15 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
( the Think C compiler on the Macintosh, on the other hand, this line would need)15 3251( For)1 192(would be appropriate.)2 877 3 720 840 t
(to become)1 413 1 720 960 t
9 CW f
(typedef short double doublereal;)3 1728 1 1008 1135 t
10 R f
( prede\256nes symbols that could clash with translated Fortran variable names, then)11 3306(If your C compiler)3 764 2 970 1330 t
( appropriate)1 480(you should also add)3 803 2 720 1450 t
10 CW f
(#undef)2029 1450 w
10 R f
(lines to)1 293 1 2415 1450 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)2734 1450 w
10 R f
( current default)2 611(. The)1 231 2 3034 1450 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)3902 1450 w
10 R f
(provides the follow-)2 812 1 4228 1450 t
(ing)720 1570 w
10 CW f
(#undef)873 1570 w
10 R f
(lines for the following symbols:)4 1278 1 1258 1570 t
10 CW f
( u370 u3b5)2 780( sun2)1 510( sgi)1 330(cray mc68020)1 990 4 1575 1765 t
( unix)1 450( sun3 u3b)2 720(gcos mips sparc)2 1440 3 1575 1885 t
( u3b2 vax)2 720( sun sun4)2 960(mc68010 pdp11)1 870 3 1575 2005 t
10 R f
(As an extension to the Fortran 77 Standard,)7 1786 1 970 2200 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2788 2200 t
10 R f
( variables to be initialized with)5 1275(allows noncharacter)1 807 2 2958 2200 t
( extension is inherently nonportable, as the number of characters storable per ``unit'')12 3492( This)1 238(character data.)1 590 3 720 2320 t
( 32 bit machines are the most plentiful,)7 1560( Since)1 272(varies from machine to machine.)4 1311 3 720 2440 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3888 2440 t
10 R f
( per)1 153(assumes 4 characters)2 836 2 4051 2440 t
(Fortran ``unit'', but this assumption can be overridden by the)9 2573 1 720 2560 t
10 CW f
(-W)3332 2560 w
10 I f
(n)3452 2560 w
10 R f
( example,)1 401( For)1 202(command-line option.)1 896 3 3541 2560 t
10 CW f
(-W8)720 2680 w
10 R f
( An)1 177( Cray computers, since Crays store 8 characters per word.)9 2347(is appropriate for C that is to be run on)9 1587 3 929 2680 t
( Fortran)1 319( the)1 172(example is helpful here:)3 962 3 720 2800 t
9 CW f
(data i/'abcd'/)1 756 1 1332 2975 t
(j = i)2 270 1 1332 3075 t
(end)1332 3175 w
10 R f
(turns into)1 381 1 720 3370 t
9 CW f
(/* Initialized data */)3 1188 1 1224 3545 t
(static struct {)2 810 1 1224 3745 t
(char e_1[4];)1 648 1 1440 3845 t
(} equiv_3 = { {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'} };)8 1998 1 1440 3945 t
(#define i \(*\(integer *\)&equiv_3\))3 1728 1 1008 4145 t
(static integer j;)2 918 1 1224 4345 t
(j = i;)2 324 1 1224 4545 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 4645 t
(#undef i)1 432 1 1008 4745 t
10 R f
(\(Some use of)2 533 1 720 4940 t
10 CW f
(i)1281 4940 w
10 R f
(, e.g. ``)2 291 1 1341 4940 t
10 CW f
(j = i)2 306 1 1632 4940 t
10 R f
('', is necessary or)3 712 1 1938 4940 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2678 4940 t
10 R f
(will see that)2 489 1 2844 4940 t
10 CW f
(i)3361 4940 w
10 R f
( If)1 120( and will not initialize it.\))5 1037(is not used)2 434 3 3449 4940 t
( Cray and the string were)5 1086(the target machine were a)4 1092 2 720 5060 t
10 CW f
('abcdefgh')2939 5060 w
10 R f
(or)3580 5060 w
10 CW f
("abcdefhg")3704 5060 w
10 R f
(, then the Fortran)3 736 1 4304 5060 t
(would run \256ne, but the C produced by)7 1577 1 720 5180 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2330 5180 t
10 R f
(would only store)2 688 1 2501 5180 t
10 CW f
("abcd")3222 5180 w
10 R f
( the default number of)4 923(in i, 4 being)3 502 2 3615 5180 t
( The)1 205(characters per word.)2 810 2 720 5300 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1760 5300 t
10 R f
(command-line option)1 858 1 1923 5300 t
10 CW f
(-W8)2806 5300 w
10 R f
(gives the correct initialization for a Cray.)6 1644 1 3011 5300 t
10 R f
( the option)2 438( Using)1 294(The initialization above is clumsy, using 4 separate characters.)8 2533 3 970 5465 t
10 CW f
(-A)4265 5465 w
10 R f
(, for ANSI, pro-)3 655 1 4385 5465 t
(duces)720 5585 w
9 CW f
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 5760 t
(} equiv_3 = { "abcd" };)5 1242 1 1440 5860 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 5960 t
10 R f
(See Appendix B.)2 680 1 720 6155 t
10 R f
( examples explain why the Fortran 77 standard excludes Hollerith data statements: the)12 3637(The above)1 433 2 970 6320 t
( \(For-)1 261( not speci\256ed and hence such code is not portable even in Fortran.)12 2709(number of characters per word is)5 1350 3 720 6440 t
( that Fortran)2 508( Note)1 251(tran that conservatively assumes only 1 or 2 characters per word is portable but messy.)14 3561 3 720 6560 t
(77 forbids the mixing, via)4 1056 1 720 6680 t
10 CW f
(common)1806 6680 w
10 R f
(,)2166 6680 w
10 CW f
(data)2221 6680 w
10 R f
(, or)1 138 1 2461 6680 t
10 CW f
(equivalence)2629 6680 w
10 R f
( Like)1 237( noncharacter types.)2 808(, of character and)3 706 3 3289 6680 t
(many Fortran compilers,)2 987 1 720 6800 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1733 6800 t
10 R f
(permits such nonportable mixing; initialization of numeric variables with Hol-)9 3143 1 1897 6800 t
(lerith data is one example of this mixing.\))7 1671 1 720 6920 t
10 R f
(Some Fortran 66 programs pass Hollerith strings to)7 2052 1 970 7085 t
10 CW f
(integer)3047 7085 w
10 R f
(variables.)3492 7085 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 3927 7085 t
10 R f
( string)1 254(treats a Hollerith)2 671 2 4115 7085 t
( systems if the character string winds up being)8 1869(as a character string, but this may lead to bus errors on some)12 2451 2 720 7205 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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17 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 16 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
( The)1 212(improperly aligned.)1 795 2 720 840 t
10 CW f
(-h)1759 840 w
10 R f
(option instructs)1 627 1 1911 840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2570 840 t
10 R f
( character variables and constants the same)6 1765(to try to give)3 535 2 2740 840 t
(alignment as)1 508 1 720 960 t
10 CW f
(integer)1253 960 w
10 R f
(s. Under)1 363 1 1673 960 t
10 CW f
(-h)2061 960 w
10 R f
( Fortran)1 319( the)1 172(, for example,)2 554 3 2181 960 t
9 CW f
(call foo\("a string"\))2 1080 1 1332 1120 t
(call goo\(8ha string\))2 1080 1 1332 1220 t
10 R f
(is translated to)2 583 1 720 1400 t
9 CW f
(static struct { integer fill; char val[8+1]; char fill2[3]; } c_b1_st = { 0,)13 4104 1 1008 1560 t
("a string" };)2 702 1 1440 1660 t
(#define c_b1 c_b1_st.val)2 1296 1 1008 1760 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 1860 t
(foo_\(c_b1, 8L\);)1 810 1 1224 1960 t
(goo_\(c_b1, 8L\);)1 810 1 1224 2060 t
(. . .)2 270 1 1008 2160 t
10 R f
(Some systems require that C values of type)7 1736 1 970 2340 t
10 CW f
(double)2732 2340 w
10 R f
( Fortran)1 346( double-word boundary.)2 966(be aligned on a)3 610 3 3118 2340 t
10 CW f
(common)720 2460 w
10 R f
(and)1117 2460 w
10 CW f
(equivalence)1298 2460 w
10 R f
( require some C)3 668(statements may)1 631 2 1995 2460 t
10 CW f
(double)3330 2460 w
10 R f
(values to be aligned on an odd-)6 1314 1 3726 2460 t
( if nec-)2 294( systems where double-word alignment is required, C compilers pad structures,)10 3212( On)1 177(word boundary.)1 637 4 720 2580 t
( validity of)2 441( such padding has no effect on the)7 1375( Often)1 279(essary, to arrange for the right alignment.)6 1664 4 720 2700 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4505 2700 t
10 R f
('s transla-)1 397 1 4643 2700 t
( using)1 243(tion, but)1 334 2 720 2820 t
10 CW f
(common)1323 2820 w
10 R f
(or)1709 2820 w
10 CW f
(equivalence)1818 2820 w
10 R f
(, it is easy to contrive examples in which the translated C works)12 2562 1 2478 2820 t
(incorrectly.)720 2940 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 1233 2940 t
10 R f
( may cause trouble, but, like)5 1154(issues a warning message when double-word alignment)6 2260 2 1427 2940 t
10 I f
(f)4871 2940 w
10 R f
(77,)4915 2940 w
(it makes no attempt to circumvent this trouble; the run-time costs of circumvention would be substantial.)15 4192 1 720 3060 t
10 R f
(Long decimal strings in)3 950 1 970 3216 t
10 CW f
(data)1946 3216 w
10 R f
( expressions involving)2 904( However,)1 442( C unaltered.)2 517(statements are passed to)3 965 4 2212 3216 t
( a VAX 8550, the Fortran)5 1026( On)1 172(long decimal strings are rounded in a machine-dependent manner.)8 2636 3 720 3336 t
9 CW f
(x=1.2**10)1332 3496 w
(end)1332 3596 w
10 R f
(yields the C)2 478 1 720 3776 t
9 CW f
(static real x;)2 756 1 1224 3936 t
(x = \(float\)6.1917364224000008;)2 1620 1 1224 4136 t
10 R f
( external scope, such as the)5 1156(ANSI C compilers require that all but one instance of any entity with)12 2914 2 970 4316 t
10 CW f
(struct)720 4436 w
10 R f
(s into which)2 497 1 1080 4436 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1605 4436 t
10 R f
(translates)1771 4436 w
10 CW f
(common)2176 4436 w
10 R f
(, be declared)2 512 1 2536 4436 t
10 CW f
(extern)3076 4436 w
10 R f
(and that exactly one declaration should)5 1576 1 3464 4436 t
(de\256ne the entity, i.e., should not be declared)7 1830 1 720 4556 t
10 CW f
(extern)2584 4556 w
10 R f
( restriction.)1 465( older C compilers have no such)6 1341(. Most)1 290 3 2944 4556 t
( with ANSI usage, the)4 905(To be compatible)2 711 2 720 4676 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2366 4676 t
10 R f
(command-line option)1 863 1 2534 4676 t
10 CW f
(-ec)3427 4676 w
10 R f
(causes the)1 412 1 3637 4676 t
10 CW f
(struct)4079 4676 w
10 R f
(corresponding)4469 4676 w
(to an uninitialized)2 734 1 720 4796 t
10 CW f
(common)1485 4796 w
10 R f
(region to be declared)3 857 1 1876 4796 t
10 CW f
(extern)2764 4796 w
10 R f
(and makes a)2 505 1 3155 4796 t
10 CW f
(union)3691 4796 w
10 R f
( declara-)1 352(of all successive)2 666 2 4022 4796 t
(tions of that)2 498 1 720 4916 t
10 CW f
(common)1288 4916 w
10 R f
(region into a de\256ning declaration placed in a \256le with the name)11 2637 1 1683 4916 t
10 CW f
(cname_com.c)4355 4916 w
10 R f
(,)5015 4916 w
(where)720 5036 w
10 CW f
(cname)988 5036 w
10 R f
(is the name of the)4 710 1 1313 5036 t
10 CW f
(common)2048 5036 w
10 R f
( example, the Fortran)3 854(region. For)1 469 2 2433 5036 t
9 CW f
(common /cmname/ c)2 918 1 1332 5196 t
(complex c\(10\))1 702 1 1332 5296 t
(c\(1\)=cmplx\(1.,0.\))1332 5396 w
(call sam\(c\))1 594 1 1332 5496 t
(end)1332 5596 w
(subroutine sam\(c\))1 918 1 1332 5696 t
(complex c)1 486 1 1332 5796 t
(common /cmname/ca)1 918 1 1332 5896 t
(complex ca\(10\))1 756 1 1332 5996 t
(ca\(2\) = cmplx\(1e0,2e0\))2 1188 1 1332 6096 t
(return)1332 6196 w
(end)1332 6296 w
10 R f
(when converted by)2 759 1 720 6476 t
10 CW f
(f2c -ec)1 420 1 1504 6476 t
10 R f
(produces)1949 6476 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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18 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 17 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
(/* Common Block Declarations */)4 1674 1 1008 820 t
(union {)1 378 1 1008 1020 t
(struct {)1 432 1 1224 1120 t
(complex c[10];)1 756 1 1440 1220 t
(} _1;)1 270 1 1224 1320 t
(struct {)1 432 1 1224 1420 t
(complex ca[10];)1 810 1 1440 1520 t
(} _2;)1 270 1 1224 1620 t
(} cmname_;)1 540 1 1008 1720 t
(#define cmname_1 \(cmname_._1\))2 1566 1 1008 1920 t
(#define cmname_2 \(cmname_._2\))2 1566 1 1008 2020 t
( _\(\))1 184(/* Main program */ MAIN_)4 1296 2 1008 2220 t
({)1008 2320 w
(extern /* Subroutine */ int sam_\(\);)5 1890 1 1224 2520 t
(cmname_1.c[0].r = \(float\)1., cmname_1.c[0].i = \(float\)0.;)5 3078 1 1224 2720 t
(sam_\(cmname_1.c\);)1224 2820 w
( */)1 162( _)1 76(} /* MAIN_)2 540 3 1008 2920 t
(/* Subroutine */ int sam_\(c\))4 1512 1 1008 3120 t
(complex *c;)1 594 1 1008 3220 t
({)1008 3320 w
(cmname_2.ca[1].r = \(float\)1., cmname_2.ca[1].i = \(float\)2.;)5 3186 1 1224 3420 t
(return 0;)1 486 1 1224 3520 t
(} /* sam_ */)3 648 1 1008 3620 t
10 R f
(as well as the \256le)4 688 1 720 3814 t
10 CW f
(cmname_com.c)1433 3814 w
10 R f
(:)2153 3814 w
9 CW f
(#include "f2c.h")1 864 1 1008 3988 t
(union {)1 378 1 1008 4088 t
(struct {)1 432 1 1224 4188 t
(complex c[10];)1 756 1 1440 4288 t
(} _1;)1 270 1 1224 4388 t
(struct {)1 432 1 1224 4488 t
(complex ca[10];)1 810 1 1440 4588 t
(} _2;)1 270 1 1224 4688 t
(} cmname_;)1 540 1 1008 4788 t
10 R f
(The \256les)1 352 1 720 4982 t
10 CW f
(*_com.c)1102 4982 w
10 R f
(may be compiled into a library against which one can load to satisfy overly fastidious)14 3488 1 1552 4982 t
(ANSI C compilers.)2 769 1 720 5102 t
10 R f
(The rules of Fortran 77 apparently permit a situation in which)10 2539 1 970 5267 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3541 5267 t
10 R f
(declares a function to be of type)6 1328 1 3712 5267 t
10 CW f
(int)720 5387 w
10 R f
( that example,)2 563( In)1 134(, then de\256nes it to be of another type, as illustrated by the \256rst example in \2477.)16 3105 3 900 5387 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4727 5387 t
10 R f
(dis-)4890 5387 w
(covers too late that)3 757 1 720 5507 t
10 CW f
(f)1502 5507 w
10 R f
( than a warning)3 621( some C compilers, this causes nothing worse)7 1821( With)1 250(is not a subroutine.)3 761 4 1587 5507 t
( unforgiving C compilers, one can usu-)6 1580( With)1 254(message; with others, it causes the compilation to be aborted.)9 2486 3 720 5627 t
( e.g., with the)3 574(ally avoid trouble by splitting the Fortran source into one \256le per procedure,)12 3146 2 720 5747 t
10 I f
(fsplit)4475 5747 w
10 R f
(\(1\) com-)1 356 1 4684 5747 t
( solution is to use prototypes, as discussed in \2477.)9 1942( Another)1 377(mand, and converting each procedure separately.)5 1952 3 720 5867 t
10 R f
( consistent prototype declarations across separate compilations,)6 2544(With an ANSI C system that enforced)6 1526 2 970 6032 t
( translate the main program correctly in the last example just by looking at the)14 3264(it would be impossible to)4 1056 2 720 6152 t
( do enforce the consistency of prototype declarations across separate)9 2770( C++ compilers)2 629( Recent)1 330(main program.)1 591 4 720 6272 t
( sequences into the translated names of functions, except for func-)10 2731(compilations, e.g., by encoding calling)4 1589 2 720 6392 t
(tions that are declared)3 902 1 720 6512 t
10 CW f
(extern "C")1 608 1 1655 6512 t
10 R f
(and compiled separately.)2 1013 1 2297 6512 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 3369 6512 t
10 R f
(allows one to use this escape hatch:)6 1474 1 3566 6512 t
(under)720 6632 w
10 CW f
(-C++)972 6632 w
10 R f
(,)1212 6632 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1262 6632 t
10 R f
(inserts)1425 6632 w
9 CW f
( _cplusplus)1 562(#ifdef _)1 432 2 1008 6806 t
(extern "C" {)2 648 1 1008 6906 t
(#endif)1008 7006 w
10 R f
(at the beginning of its C++ output and places)8 1800 1 720 7200 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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19 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 18 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
9 CW f
( _cplusplus)1 562(#ifdef _)1 432 2 1008 820 t
(})1440 920 w
(#endif)1008 1020 w
10 R f
( The)1 207(at the end of its C++ output.)6 1138 2 720 1223 t
10 CW f
( _cplusplus)1 624(#ifdef _)1 482 2 2092 1223 t
10 R f
( compil-)1 339(lines are for the bene\256t of older C++)7 1476 2 3225 1223 t
(ers that do not recognize)4 981 1 720 1343 t
10 CW f
(extern "C")1 600 1 1726 1343 t
10 R f
(.)2326 1343 w
10 B f
(7. PROTOTYPES)1 779 1 720 1629 t
10 R f
(In ANSI C and C++, a)5 935 1 970 1799 t
10 I f
(prototype)1937 1799 w
10 R f
( can save)2 381( Prototypes)1 486(describes the calling sequence of a function.)6 1813 3 2360 1799 t
( The)1 215( calling sequences.)2 771(debugging time by helping catch errors in)6 1736 3 720 1919 t
10 CW f
(-P)3477 1919 w
10 R f
(option instructs)1 630 1 3632 1919 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4297 1919 t
10 R f
(to emit proto-)2 570 1 4470 1919 t
( all the functions de\256ned in the C it produces; speci\256cally,)10 2409(types for)1 359 2 720 2039 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3521 2039 t
10 R f
(creates a)1 353 1 3692 2039 t
10 I f
(\256le)4078 2039 w
10 CW f
(.P)4200 2039 w
10 R f
(of prototypes for)2 687 1 4353 2039 t
(each input)1 417 1 720 2159 t
10 I f
(\256le)1166 2159 w
10 CW f
(.f)1288 2159 w
10 R f
(or)1437 2159 w
10 I f
(\256le)1549 2159 w
10 CW f
(.F)1671 2159 w
10 R f
( can then arrange for relevant prototype \256les to be seen by the C compiler.)14 3005(. One)1 244 2 1791 2159 t
(For instance, if)2 634 1 720 2279 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1395 2279 t
10 R f
('s header \256le)2 547 1 1533 2279 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)2122 2279 w
10 R f
(is installed as)2 573 1 2464 2279 t
10 CW f
(/usr/include/f2c.h)3079 2279 w
10 R f
(, one could issue the)4 881 1 4159 2279 t
(UNIX command)1 668 1 720 2399 t
9 CW f
(cat /usr/include/f2c.h *.P >f2c.h)3 1782 1 1008 2582 t
10 R f
(to create a local copy of)5 1020 1 720 2785 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)1778 2785 w
10 R f
(that has in it all the prototypes in)7 1405 1 2116 2785 t
10 CW f
(*.P)3559 2785 w
10 R f
( produced by)2 549( the C)2 265(. Since)1 310 3 3739 2785 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 2785 t
10 R f
(always speci\256es)1 646 1 720 2905 t
9 CW f
(#include "f2c.h")1 864 1 1008 3088 t
10 R f
(\(rather than)1 465 1 720 3291 t
10 CW f
(#include <f2c.h>)1 963 1 1213 3291 t
10 R f
( the current directory for)4 996(\), the C compiler will look \256rst in)7 1366 2 2176 3291 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)4567 3291 w
10 R f
(and)4896 3291 w
(thus will \256nd the local copy that contains the prototypes.)9 2266 1 720 3411 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 970 3581 t
10 R f
( to)1 104(can also read the prototype \256les it writes; one simply speci\256es them as arguments)13 3255 2 1158 3581 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4543 3581 t
10 R f
( fact,)1 200(. In)1 159 2 4681 3581 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 720 3701 t
10 R f
( multiple Fortran \256les are handled indepen-)6 1779(reads all prototype \256les before any Fortran \256les; although)8 2369 2 892 3701 t
(dently, any prototype \256le arguments apply to all of them.)9 2396 1 720 3821 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 3179 3821 t
10 R f
( Fortran)1 333(has more detailed knowledge of)4 1327 2 3380 3821 t
( it conveys in the C it puts out; for example,)10 1758(types than)1 409 2 720 3941 t
10 CW f
(logical)2912 3941 w
10 R f
(and)3357 3941 w
10 CW f
(integer)3526 3941 w
10 R f
(are different Fortran types,)3 1069 1 3971 3941 t
( Moreover,)1 470(but are mapped to the same C type.)7 1423 2 720 4061 t
10 CW f
(character)2640 4061 w
10 R f
(,)3180 4061 w
10 CW f
(complex)3232 4061 w
10 R f
(, and)1 196 1 3652 4061 t
10 CW f
(double complex)1 843 1 3875 4061 t
10 R f
(Fortran)4746 4061 w
( translated to)2 540(functions are all)2 669 2 720 4181 t
10 CW f
(VOID)1966 4181 w
10 R f
(C functions, and, unless the)4 1153 1 2243 4181 t
10 CW f
(-R)3433 4181 w
10 R f
(option is speci\256ed, both)3 992 1 3590 4181 t
10 CW f
(real)4619 4181 w
10 R f
(and)4896 4181 w
10 CW f
(double precision)1 987 1 720 4301 t
10 R f
(Fortran functions are translated to)4 1461 1 1759 4301 t
10 CW f
(doublereal)3272 4301 w
10 R f
( Because)1 409(C functions.)1 516 2 3924 4301 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 4301 t
10 R f
( ANSI C)2 362(denotes all these types differently in its prototype \256les, it can catch errors that are invisible to an)17 3958 2 720 4421 t
(\(or C++\) compiler.)2 758 1 720 4541 t
10 R f
(The following table shows the types that)6 1621 1 970 4711 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2616 4711 t
10 R f
(uses for procedure arguments:)3 1205 1 2779 4711 t
10 S f
(_ _________________________________________________)1 2491 1 1634 4814 t
10 CW f
(C_fp complex)1 810 1 1684 4934 t
(D_fp doublereal)1 990 1 1684 5054 t
(E_fp real)1 630 1 1684 5174 t
10 R f
(under)2339 5174 w
10 CW f
(-!R)2591 5174 w
10 R f
(\(the default\))1 490 1 2796 5174 t
10 CW f
(H_fp character)1 930 1 1684 5294 t
(I_fp integer)1 810 1 1684 5414 t
10 R f
(or)2519 5414 w
10 CW f
(integer*4)2627 5414 w
(J_fp integer*2)1 930 1 1684 5534 t
(K_fp shortlogical)1 1110 1 1684 5654 t
10 R f
(\()2819 5654 w
10 CW f
(logical)2852 5654 w
10 R f
(under)3297 5654 w
10 CW f
(-i2)3549 5654 w
10 R f
(or)3754 5654 w
10 CW f
(-I2)3862 5654 w
10 R f
(\))4042 5654 w
10 CW f
(L_fp logical)1 810 1 1684 5774 t
(R_fp real)1 630 1 1684 5894 t
10 R f
(under)2339 5894 w
10 CW f
(-R)2591 5894 w
(S_fp subroutine)1 990 1 1684 6014 t
(U_fp)1684 6134 w
10 R f
(untyped)2074 6134 w
10 CW f
(external)2421 6134 w
(Z_fp doublecomplex)1 1170 1 1684 6254 t
10 S f
( \347)1 -2491(_ _________________________________________________)1 2491 2 1634 6274 t
(\347)1634 6214 w
(\347)1634 6114 w
(\347)1634 6014 w
(\347)1634 5914 w
(\347)1634 5814 w
(\347)1634 5714 w
(\347)1634 5614 w
(\347)1634 5514 w
(\347)1634 5414 w
(\347)1634 5314 w
(\347)1634 5214 w
(\347)1634 5114 w
(\347)1634 5014 w
(\347)1634 4914 w
(\347)4125 6274 w
(\347)4125 6214 w
(\347)4125 6114 w
(\347)4125 6014 w
(\347)4125 5914 w
(\347)4125 5814 w
(\347)4125 5714 w
(\347)4125 5614 w
(\347)4125 5514 w
(\347)4125 5414 w
(\347)4125 5314 w
(\347)4125 5214 w
(\347)4125 5114 w
(\347)4125 5014 w
(\347)4125 4914 w
10 R f
(These types are de\256ned in)4 1086 1 720 6477 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)1842 6477 w
10 R f
( and, under)2 470(; they appear in prototypes)4 1109 2 2142 6477 t
10 CW f
(-A)3758 6477 w
10 R f
(or)3915 6477 w
10 CW f
(-C++)4035 6477 w
10 R f
(, in the C that)4 590 1 4275 6477 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 6477 t
10 R f
( also use special)3 664(writes. Prototypes)1 753 2 720 6597 t
10 CW f
(void)2167 6597 w
10 R f
(types to denote the return values of)6 1433 1 2437 6597 t
10 CW f
(complex)3900 6597 w
10 R f
(,)4320 6597 w
10 CW f
(double com-)1 665 1 4375 6597 t
(plex)720 6717 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 960 6717 t
10 CW f
(character)1179 6717 w
10 R f
(functions:)1744 6717 w
10 S f
(_ _________________________)1 1270 1 2245 6820 t
10 CW f
(C_f complex)1 750 1 2295 6940 t
(H_f character)1 870 1 2295 7060 t
( complex)1 480(Z_f double)1 690 2 2295 7180 t
10 S f
( \347)1 -1270(_ _________________________)1 1270 2 2245 7200 t
(\347)2245 7120 w
(\347)2245 7020 w
(\347)2245 6920 w
(\347)3515 7200 w
(\347)3515 7120 w
(\347)3515 7020 w
(\347)3515 6920 w
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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20 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 19 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 970 840 t
10 R f
(also writes special comments in prototype \256les giving the length of each)11 2955 1 1164 840 t
10 CW f
(common)4150 840 w
10 R f
(block; when)1 498 1 4542 840 t
( arguments,)1 472(given prototype \256les as)3 951 2 720 960 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2174 960 t
10 R f
(reads these special comments so it can issue a warning message if)11 2697 1 2343 960 t
(its Fortran input speci\256es a different length for some)8 2103 1 720 1080 t
10 CW f
(common)2848 1080 w
10 R f
(block.)3233 1080 w
10 R f
( speci\256es different lengths for a)5 1341(Sometimes people write otherwise valid Fortran 77 that)7 2328 2 970 1243 t
10 CW f
(common)4680 1243 w
10 R f
( and converted to C, the loader could end up giving too little)12 2436( such Fortran is split into several \256les)7 1518(block. If)1 366 3 720 1363 t
(space to the)2 499 1 720 1483 t
10 CW f
(common)1258 1483 w
10 R f
( the confusion this could cause by running)7 1795( can avoid)2 438( One)1 230(block in question.)2 742 4 1657 1483 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 1483 t
10 R f
(twice, \256rst with)2 647 1 720 1603 t
10 CW f
(-P!c)1402 1603 w
10 R f
(, then with the resulting prototypes as additional arguments; the prototypes let)11 3225 1 1642 1603 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 1603 t
10 R f
(determine \(and convey to all of its output C \256les\) the true length needed for each)15 3225 1 720 1723 t
10 CW f
(common)3970 1723 w
10 R f
(block.)4355 1723 w
10 R f
( a procedure to be)4 762(One complication with prototypes comes from Fortran subprograms that declare)9 3308 2 970 1886 t
10 CW f
(external)720 2006 w
10 R f
( specify a type for it and only pass it as a parameter to another procedure.)15 2986(but do not explicitly)3 824 2 1230 2006 t
(\(If the subprogram also invokes the)5 1417 1 720 2126 t
10 CW f
(external)2162 2126 w
10 R f
(procedure, then)1 620 1 2667 2126 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3312 2126 t
10 R f
(can tell whether the procedure is a sub-)7 1565 1 3475 2126 t
( it)1 81( If)1 116(routine or a function; in the latter case, Fortran's implicit typing rules specify a type for the procedure.\))17 4123 3 720 2246 t
(can do no better, then)4 866 1 720 2366 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1612 2366 t
10 R f
(assumes that untyped)2 857 1 1776 2366 t
10 CW f
(external)2660 2366 w
10 R f
(procedures are subroutines \(and hence become)5 1873 1 3167 2366 t
10 CW f
(int)720 2486 w
10 R f
( can cause the generated C to have multiple and inconsistent declarations)11 2947( This)1 232(-valued functions in C\).)3 961 3 900 2486 t
( example,)1 388( For)1 189(for some procedures.)2 839 3 720 2606 t
9 CW f
(external f)1 540 1 1440 2778 t
(call foo\(f\))1 594 1 1440 2878 t
(end)1440 2978 w
(function f\(x\))1 702 1 1440 3078 t
(double precision f, x)3 1134 1 1440 3178 t
(f = x)2 270 1 1440 3278 t
(end)1440 3378 w
10 R f
(results in)1 364 1 720 3570 t
10 CW f
(MAIN_ _)1 384 1 1109 3570 t
10 R f
(declaring)1518 3570 w
9 CW f
(extern /* Subroutine */ int f_\(\);)5 1782 1 1224 3742 t
10 R f
( the subsequent de\256nition of)4 1181(and in)1 258 2 720 3934 t
10 CW f
(doublereal f_\(x\))1 972 1 2196 3934 t
10 R f
( inconsistencies are)2 800( Such)1 262(in the same C \256le.)4 773 3 3205 3934 t
(grounds for some C compilers to abort compilation.)7 2071 1 720 4054 t
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 970 4217 t
10 R f
('s type inferences only apply sequentially to the procedures in a \256le, because)12 3195 1 1133 4217 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4364 4217 t
10 R f
(writes C for)2 501 1 4539 4217 t
( procedure)1 426( as just illustrated, if)4 830( Thus,)1 279(each procedure before reading the next one.)6 1770 4 720 4337 t
10 CW f
(xyz)4053 4337 w
10 R f
(comes after)1 465 1 4261 4337 t
10 CW f
(abc)4754 4337 w
10 R f
(in)4962 4337 w
(a Fortran input \256le, then)4 997 1 720 4457 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1749 4457 t
10 R f
(cannot use information it gains when it sees the de\256nition of)10 2485 1 1919 4457 t
10 CW f
(xyz)4436 4457 w
10 R f
(to deduce)1 392 1 4648 4457 t
(types for)1 353 1 720 4577 t
10 CW f
(external)1099 4577 w
10 R f
(procedures passed as arguments to)4 1384 1 1605 4577 t
10 CW f
(xyz)3015 4577 w
10 R f
(by)3221 4577 w
10 CW f
(abc)3347 4577 w
10 R f
( using the)2 389(. By)1 193 2 3527 4577 t
10 CW f
(-P)4134 4577 w
10 R f
(option and running)2 761 1 4279 4577 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 720 4697 t
10 R f
( instance, if \256le)3 661( For)1 204(several times, one can get around this de\256ciency.)7 2065 3 898 4697 t
10 CW f
(zap.f)3868 4697 w
10 R f
(contains the Fortran)2 831 1 4209 4697 t
(shown above, then the commands)4 1351 1 720 4817 t
9 CW f
(f2c -P!c zap.f)2 756 1 1440 4989 t
(f2c -A zap.[fP])2 810 1 1440 5089 t
10 R f
(result in a \256le)3 547 1 720 5281 t
10 CW f
(zap.c)1292 5281 w
10 R f
(in which)1 347 1 1617 5281 t
10 CW f
(MAIN_ _)1 384 1 1989 5281 t
10 R f
(correctly types)1 590 1 2398 5281 t
10 CW f
(f_)3013 5281 w
10 R f
(and)3158 5281 w
10 CW f
(foo_)3327 5281 w
10 R f
(as)3592 5281 w
9 CW f
(extern doublereal f_\(\);)2 1242 1 1224 5453 t
(extern /* Subroutine */ int foo_\(D_fp\);)5 2106 1 1224 5553 t
10 R f
(rather than)1 429 1 720 5745 t
9 CW f
(extern /* Subroutine */ int f_\(\);)5 1782 1 1224 5917 t
(extern /* Subroutine */ int foo_\(U_fp\);)5 2106 1 1224 6017 t
10 R f
(The \256rst invocation of)3 891 1 720 6209 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1636 6209 t
10 R f
(results in a \256le)3 586 1 1799 6209 t
10 CW f
(zap.P)2410 6209 w
10 R f
(containing)2735 6209 w
9 CW f
(extern doublereal f_\(doublereal *x\);)3 1944 1 1008 6381 t
(/*:ref: foo_ 10 1 200 */)5 1296 1 1008 6481 t
10 R f
(The second invocation of)3 1012 1 720 6673 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1757 6673 t
10 R f
(is able to type)3 558 1 1920 6673 t
10 CW f
(f_)2503 6673 w
10 R f
(and)2648 6673 w
10 CW f
(foo_)2817 6673 w
10 R f
(correctly because of the \256rst line in)6 1408 1 3082 6673 t
10 CW f
(zap.P)4515 6673 w
10 R f
(.)4815 6673 w
10 R f
(The second line in)3 735 1 970 6836 t
10 CW f
(zap.P)1730 6836 w
10 R f
( comment that records the incomplete type information that)8 2383(is a special)2 438 2 2055 6836 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 6836 t
10 R f
(has about)1 381 1 720 6956 t
10 CW f
(foo_)1126 6956 w
10 R f
(.)1366 6956 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 1441 6956 t
10 R f
(puts one such special comment in the prototype \256le for each Fortran procedure that is)14 3411 1 1629 6956 t
( it reads prototype \256les,)4 957( When)1 292(referenced but not de\256ned in the Fortran \256le.)7 1819 3 720 7076 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3817 7076 t
10 R f
(deciphers these comments)2 1056 1 3984 7076 t
( untyped external pro-)3 887( it learns more about)4 829( As)1 163(and uses them to check the consistency of calling sequences.)9 2441 4 720 7196 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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10 R f
(- 20 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
(cedures,)720 840 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1088 840 t
10 R f
(updates the information it has on them; the)7 1811 1 1265 840 t
10 CW f
(:ref:)3116 840 w
10 R f
(comments it writes in a prototype \256le)6 1584 1 3456 840 t
(re\257ect)720 960 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 994 960 t
10 R f
('s latest knowledge.)2 796 1 1132 960 t
10 R f
(Ordinarily)970 1124 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1416 1124 t
10 R f
(tries to infer the type of an untyped)7 1441 1 1584 1124 t
10 CW f
(external)3055 1124 w
10 R f
(procedure from its use as arguments)5 1474 1 3566 1124 t
( example, if)2 474( For)1 189(to procedures of known argument types.)5 1608 3 720 1244 t
10 CW f
(f.f)3016 1244 w
10 R f
(contains just)1 503 1 3221 1244 t
9 CW f
(external f)1 540 1 1440 1418 t
(call foo\(f\))1 594 1 1440 1518 t
(end)1440 1618 w
10 R f
(and if)1 230 1 720 1812 t
10 CW f
(foo.P)975 1812 w
10 R f
(contains)1300 1812 w
9 CW f
(extern int foo_\(D_fp\);)2 1188 1 1008 1986 t
10 R f
(then)720 2180 w
9 CW f
(f2c -A f.f foo.P)3 864 1 1008 2354 t
10 R f
(results in the declaration)3 979 1 720 2548 t
9 CW f
(extern doublereal f_\(\);)2 1242 1 1224 2722 t
10 R f
( can lead to erroneous error messages or to incorrect typ-)10 2281(Under unusual circumstances, such type inferences)5 2039 2 720 2916 t
( is an example:)3 602(ing. Here)1 396 2 720 3036 t
9 CW f
(subroutine zoo)1 756 1 1440 3210 t
(external f)1 540 1 1440 3310 t
(double precision f)2 972 1 1440 3410 t
(external g)1 540 1 1440 3510 t
(call zap\(1,f\))1 702 1 1440 3610 t
(call zap\(2,g\))1 702 1 1440 3710 t
(end)1440 3810 w
(subroutine goo)1 756 1 1440 3910 t
(call g)1 324 1 1440 4010 t
(end)1440 4110 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 720 4304 t
10 R f
( a double precision function, then discovers that it must be a subroutine and issues a)15 3412(\256rst infers g to be)4 717 2 911 4304 t
(warning message about inconsistent declarations for)5 2148 1 720 4424 t
10 CW f
(g)2905 4424 w
10 R f
( example is legal Fortran 77;)5 1206(. This)1 265 2 2965 4424 t
10 CW f
(zap)4472 4424 w
10 R f
(could be)1 352 1 4688 4424 t
(de\256ned, for instance, by)3 962 1 720 4544 t
9 CW f
(subroutine zap\(n,f\))1 1026 1 1440 4718 t
(external f)1 540 1 1440 4818 t
(if \(n .le. 1\) call zap1\(f\))5 1404 1 1440 4918 t
(if \(n .ge. 2\) call zap2\(f\))5 1404 1 1440 5018 t
(end)1440 5118 w
10 R f
(In such a case one can specify the)7 1362 1 720 5312 t
10 CW f
(-!it)2109 5312 w
10 R f
(option to instruct)2 688 1 2376 5312 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3091 5312 t
10 R f
( of otherwise untypable)3 949(not to infer the types)4 835 2 3256 5312 t
10 CW f
(external)720 5432 w
10 R f
( is another \(some-)3 736( Here)1 249( as arguments to known procedures.)5 1466(procedures from their appearance)3 1357 4 1232 5432 t
(what far-fetched\) example where)3 1319 1 720 5552 t
10 CW f
(-!it)2064 5552 w
10 R f
(is useful:)1 364 1 2329 5552 t
9 CW f
(subroutine grok\(f,g,h\))1 1188 1 1440 5726 t
(external f, g, h)3 864 1 1440 5826 t
(logical g)1 486 1 1440 5926 t
(call foo\(1,g\))1 702 1 1440 6026 t
(call foo\(2,f\))1 702 1 1440 6126 t
(call zit\(1,f\))1 702 1 1440 6226 t
(call zit\(2,h\))1 702 1 1440 6326 t
(call zot\(f\(3\)\))1 756 1 1440 6426 t
(end)1440 6526 w
10 R f
(Without)720 6720 w
10 CW f
(-!it)1076 6720 w
10 R f
(,)1316 6720 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1369 6720 t
10 R f
(\256rst infers)1 411 1 1535 6720 t
10 CW f
(f_)1974 6720 w
10 R f
(to be a)2 274 1 2123 6720 t
10 CW f
(logical)2426 6720 w
10 R f
(function, then discovers that Fortran's implicit typing)6 2165 1 2875 6720 t
( a)1 92(rules require it to be)4 900 2 720 6840 t
10 CW f
(real)1760 6840 w
10 R f
(function.)2048 6840 w
10 I f
(F 2c)1 163 1 2479 6840 t
10 R f
(issues the warning message ``)4 1284 1 2690 6840 t
10 CW f
(fixing wrong type)2 1066 1 3974 6840 t
(inferred for f)2 842 1 720 6960 t
10 R f
('', which should serve as a warning that)7 1598 1 1562 6960 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3186 6960 t
10 R f
(may have made some incorrect type infer-)6 1690 1 3350 6960 t
( Indeed,)1 350(ences in the mean time.)4 956 2 720 7080 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2055 7080 t
10 R f
(ends up typing)2 597 1 2222 7080 t
10 CW f
(h_)2848 7080 w
10 R f
(as a)1 156 1 2997 7080 t
10 CW f
(logical)3182 7080 w
10 R f
(function; with)1 567 1 3631 7080 t
10 CW f
(-!it)4226 7080 w
10 R f
(speci\256ed,)4494 7080 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4902 7080 t
10 R f
(types)720 7200 w
10 CW f
(h_)958 7200 w
10 R f
(as an)1 204 1 1105 7200 t
10 CW f
(external)1336 7200 w
10 R f
(procedure unknown type, i.e., a)4 1266 1 1843 7200 t
10 CW f
(U_fp)3137 7200 w
10 R f
(, which to the C compiler appears to be a)9 1663 1 3377 7200 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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22 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 21 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
( with)1 205(subroutine. \(Even)1 737 2 720 840 t
10 CW f
(-!it)1689 840 w
10 R f
(speci\256ed,)1956 840 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2363 840 t
10 R f
( sequences)1 430(issues a warning message about inconsistent calling)6 2082 2 2528 840 t
(for)720 960 w
10 CW f
(foo)861 960 w
10 R f
(.\))1041 960 w
10 R f
(Because)970 1120 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1345 1120 t
10 R f
( \256les, it is easy to write a crude)8 1392(writes its latest knowledge of types into prototype)7 2122 2 1526 1120 t
(\(Bourne\) shell script that will glean the maximum possible type information:)10 3071 1 720 1240 t
9 CW f
(>f.p)1008 1407 w
(until)1008 1507 w
(f2c -Pit f.p f.f)3 864 1 1440 1607 t
(cmp -s f.p f.P)3 756 1 1440 1707 t
(do)1008 1807 w
(mv f.P f.p)2 540 1 1440 1907 t
(done)1440 2007 w
10 R f
(In such scripts, use of the)5 1080 1 720 2194 t
10 CW f
(-Ps)1838 2194 w
10 R f
(option can save an iteration;)4 1178 1 2056 2194 t
10 CW f
(-Ps)3273 2194 w
10 R f
(implies)3492 2194 w
10 CW f
(-P)3826 2194 w
10 R f
(and instructs)1 522 1 3985 2194 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4546 2194 t
10 R f
(to issue)1 317 1 4723 2194 t
( the following script is more)5 1130( Thus)1 250( if another iteration might change a declaration or prototype.)9 2412(return code 4)2 528 4 720 2314 t
(ef\256cient:)720 2434 w
9 CW f
(while :; do)2 594 1 1008 2601 t
(f2c -Ps f.[fP])2 756 1 1440 2701 t
(case $? in 4\) ;; *\) break;; esac)7 1728 1 1440 2801 t
(done)1440 2901 w
10 R f
( depends on the call graph of the procedures in)9 1910(The number of iterations)3 1002 2 720 3088 t
10 CW f
(f.f)3662 3088 w
10 R f
(and on their order of appear-)5 1168 1 3872 3088 t
(ance in)1 292 1 720 3208 t
10 CW f
(f.f)1044 3208 w
10 R f
( them into topological order \(so that if)7 1566(. Sorting)1 377 2 1224 3208 t
10 CW f
(abc)3198 3208 w
10 R f
(calls)3409 3208 w
10 CW f
(def)3623 3208 w
10 R f
(, then)1 228 1 3803 3208 t
10 CW f
(abc)4062 3208 w
10 R f
(precedes)4273 3208 w
10 CW f
(def)4652 3208 w
10 R f
(\) and)1 208 1 4832 3208 t
( example,)1 389( For)1 190( alternating between the two orders is probably a good heuristic.)10 2575(reverse topological order and)3 1166 4 720 3328 t
( type the)2 350(we were able to completely)4 1113 2 720 3448 t
8 R f
(PORT3)2211 3448 w
10 R f
(subroutine library in two passes by \256rst processing it in reverse)10 2555 1 2485 3448 t
( one can devise situations where arbitrarily many)7 2023( Unfortunately,)1 644( in forward order.)3 730(topological order, then)2 923 4 720 3568 t
( is slightly annoying, since with appropriate data structures \(in an extensively)11 3168( This)1 236(iterations are required.)2 916 3 720 3688 t
(reorganized version of)2 897 1 720 3808 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1642 3808 t
10 R f
(\), one could do this calculation in linear time.)8 1815 1 1780 3808 t
10 B f
(8. EXPERIENCE WITH)2 1065 1 720 4061 t
10 BI f
(netlib)1810 4061 w
10 R f
( the)1 150(With the help of Eric Grosse, we arranged for)8 1841 2 970 4221 t
10 I f
(netlib)2989 4221 w
10 R f
([5] server)1 387 1 3245 4221 t
10 CW f
(netlib@research.att.com)3660 4221 w
10 R f
( executing the UNIX)3 876( By)1 181(to provide an experimental Fortran-to-C translation service by electronic mail.)9 3263 3 720 4341 t
(command)720 4461 w
10 CW f
(\(echo execute f2c; cat foo.f\) | mail netlib@research.att.com)7 3600 1 1080 4641 t
10 R f
(one submits the Fortran in)4 1054 1 720 4821 t
10 CW f
(foo.f)1800 4821 w
10 R f
(to)2126 4821 w
10 I f
(netlib)2230 4821 w
10 R f
('s)2458 4821 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2556 4821 t
10 R f
(service;)2721 4821 w
10 I f
(netlib)3058 4821 w
10 R f
(replies with the C and diagnostic messages)6 1727 1 3313 4821 t
(produced by)1 498 1 720 4941 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1245 4941 t
10 R f
(from)1410 4941 w
10 CW f
(foo.f)1631 4941 w
10 R f
(. \(The)1 265 1 1931 4941 t
10 CW f
(include)2223 4941 w
10 R f
( context,)1 345(mechanism described in \2473 makes no sense in this)8 2025 2 2670 4941 t
( start using this service, one would generally execute)8 2110( To)1 161(so it is disabled.\))3 678 3 720 5061 t
10 CW f
(echo 'send index from f2c' | mail netlib@research.att.com)7 3420 1 1170 5241 t
10 R f
( the returned C, it is necessary to get a copy)10 1784( compiling)1 434( Before)1 324(to check on the current status of the service.)8 1778 4 720 5421 t
(of)720 5541 w
10 CW f
(f2c.h)828 5541 w
10 R f
(:)1128 5541 w
10 CW f
(echo 'send f2c.h from f2c' | mail netlib@research.att.com)7 3420 1 1170 5721 t
10 R f
( the versions of)3 640(Most likely it would also be necessary to obtain source for)10 2416 2 720 5901 t
10 I f
(libF77)3810 5901 w
10 R f
(and)4111 5901 w
10 I f
(libI77)4289 5901 w
10 R f
(assumed by)1 478 1 4562 5901 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 720 6021 t
10 R f
(:)858 6021 w
10 CW f
(echo 'send libf77 libi77 from f2c' | mail netlib@research.att.com)8 3900 1 930 6201 t
10 R f
(For testing purposes, we retain the original Fortran submitted to)9 2581 1 970 6361 t
10 I f
(netlib)3579 6361 w
10 R f
('s ``)1 167 1 3807 6361 t
10 CW f
(execute f2c)1 664 1 3974 6361 t
10 R f
('' service.)1 402 1 4638 6361 t
(Observing)720 6481 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1162 6481 t
10 R f
( of submitted Fortran helped us \256nd many obscure bugs and)10 2398('s behavior on over 400,000 lines)5 1342 2 1300 6481 t
( a)1 70( example,)1 388( For)1 189(led us to make some of the extensions described in \2473.)10 2178 4 720 6601 t
10 CW f
(block data)1 601 1 3571 6601 t
10 R f
(subprogram initializ-)1 842 1 4198 6601 t
( appear in any)3 568(ing a variable that does not)5 1094 2 720 6721 t
10 CW f
(common)2409 6721 w
10 R f
(blocks now elicits a warning message \(rather than caus-)8 2244 1 2796 6721 t
(ing)720 6841 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 873 6841 t
10 R f
( example is that)3 630( Another)1 377(to drop core\).)2 540 3 1036 6841 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2609 6841 t
10 R f
(now gives the warning message ``)5 1366 1 2773 6841 t
10 CW f
(Statement order)1 901 1 4139 6841 t
(error: declaration after DATA)3 1761 1 720 6961 t
10 R f
( a)1 75('' and declines to produce any C if a declaration comes after)11 2484 2 2481 6961 t
10 CW f
(data)720 7081 w
10 R f
(statement \(for reasons discussed in \2479\);)5 1623 1 994 7081 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2651 7081 t
10 R f
( and then)2 386(formerly gave a more obscure error message)6 1831 2 2823 7081 t
(produced invalid C.)2 791 1 720 7201 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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23 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 22 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
(Now that)1 380 1 970 840 t
10 I f
(netlib)1386 840 w
10 R f
(offers source for)2 680 1 1650 840 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2366 840 t
10 R f
(itself \(as explained in the)4 1052 1 2541 840 t
10 CW f
(index)3630 840 w
10 R f
(\256le mentioned above\), we)3 1073 1 3967 840 t
(expect to curtail)2 655 1 720 960 t
10 I f
(netlib)1406 960 w
10 R f
('s ``)1 169 1 1634 960 t
10 CW f
(execute f2c)1 666 1 1803 960 t
10 R f
('' service, perhaps limiting it to employees of AT&T and Bell-)10 2571 1 2469 960 t
(core; to learn the current state of affairs, request the current)10 2367 1 720 1080 t
10 CW f
(index)3112 1080 w
10 R f
(\256le.)3437 1080 w
10 B f
(9. POSSIBLE EXTENSIONS)2 1262 1 720 1322 t
10 R f
(Currently)970 1479 w
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 1384 1479 t
10 R f
( would be nice if constant expressions were simply)8 2092( It)1 118( expressions.)1 523(simpli\256es constant)1 754 4 1553 1479 t
(passed through, and if Fortran)4 1221 1 720 1599 t
10 CW f
(parameter)1971 1599 w
10 R f
( as)1 112(s were translated)2 680 2 2511 1599 t
10 CW f
(#define)3332 1599 w
10 R f
( several things)2 585(s. Unfortunately,)1 703 2 3752 1599 t
( worst is that)3 535( Perhaps)1 373( this nearly impossible to do in full generality.)8 1903(conspire to make)2 694 4 720 1719 t
10 CW f
(parameter)4257 1719 w
10 R f
(s may)1 243 1 4797 1719 t
(be assigned)1 473 1 720 1839 t
10 CW f
(complex)1228 1839 w
10 R f
(or)1683 1839 w
10 CW f
(doublecomplex)1801 1839 w
10 R f
(expressions that might, for example, involve complex divi-)7 2425 1 2615 1839 t
(sion and exponentiation to a large integer power.)7 2022 1 720 1959 t
10 CW f
(Parameter)2802 1959 w
10 R f
(s may appear in)3 659 1 3342 1959 t
10 CW f
(data)4037 1959 w
10 R f
(statements, which)1 727 1 4313 1959 t
(may initialize)1 554 1 720 2079 t
10 CW f
(common)1306 2079 w
10 R f
( to have)2 328( Arranging)1 466( be moved near the beginning of the C output.)9 1891(variables and so)2 657 4 1698 2079 t
(the right)1 353 1 720 2199 t
10 CW f
(#define)1115 2199 w
10 R f
( Of)1 173( in this worst case, be a nightmare.)7 1510(s in effect for the data initialization would,)7 1822 3 1535 2199 t
( and)1 176(course, one could arrange to handle ``easy'' cases with unsimpli\256ed constant expressions)11 3653 2 720 2319 t
10 CW f
(#define)4581 2319 w
10 R f
(s)5001 2319 w
(for parameters.)1 603 1 720 2439 t
10 R f
( Proto-)1 311( alternate return speci\256ers.)3 1091(Prototypes and the argument consistency checks currently ignore)7 2668 3 970 2596 t
(types could be adorned with special comments indicating where alternate return speci\256ers are supposed to)14 4320 1 720 2716 t
( alternate return)2 633( Since)1 273( really matters.)2 598(come, or at least telling the number of such speci\256ers, which is all that)13 2816 4 720 2836 t
( we have so far refrained from this exer-)8 1669(speci\256ers are rarely used \(Fortran 90 calls them ``obsolescent''\),)8 2651 2 720 2956 t
(cise.)720 3076 w
10 R f
(Fortran 90 allows)2 717 1 970 3233 t
10 CW f
(data)1718 3233 w
10 R f
( would be nice if)4 695( It)1 117(statements to appear anywhere.)3 1270 3 1989 3233 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 4102 3233 t
10 R f
( the same,)2 416(could do)1 353 2 4271 3233 t
(but that would entail major rewriting of)6 1594 1 720 3353 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2341 3353 t
10 R f
(. Presently)1 449 1 2479 3353 t
10 CW f
(data)2955 3353 w
10 R f
( written to a \256le as soon as they are)9 1415(values are)1 403 2 3222 3353 t
( an)1 127( If)1 124(seen; among the information in the \256le is the offset of each value.)12 2705 3 720 3473 t
10 CW f
(equivalence)3709 3473 w
10 R f
(statement could)1 638 1 4402 3473 t
(follow the)1 408 1 720 3593 t
10 CW f
(data)1153 3593 w
10 R f
(statement, then the offsets would be invalidated.)6 1931 1 1418 3593 t
10 R f
(It would be fairly straightforward to extend)6 1754 1 970 3750 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2753 3750 t
10 R f
( new speci\256ers introduced by)4 1190('s I/O to encompass the)4 959 2 2891 3750 t
( that would mean changing)4 1094( Unfortunately,)1 638(Fortran 90.)1 447 3 720 3870 t
10 I f
(libI77)2927 3870 w
10 R f
( would make it incompatible with)5 1357(in ways that)2 489 2 3194 3870 t
10 I f
(f)720 3990 w
10 R f
(77.)764 3990 w
10 R f
( would be nice to translate all of Fortran 90, but some of the Fortran 90 array manipula-)17 3568(Of course, it)2 502 2 970 4147 t
(tions would require new calling conventions and large enough revisions to)10 3014 1 720 4267 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 3763 4267 t
10 R f
(that one might be better off)5 1110 1 3930 4267 t
(starting from scratch.)2 851 1 720 4387 t
10 R f
( hacking,)1 381(With suf\256cient)1 611 2 970 4544 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 138 1 2002 4544 t
10 R f
(could be modi\256ed to recognize Fortran 90 control structures \()9 2595 1 2180 4544 t
10 CW f
(case)4775 4544 w
10 R f
(,)5015 4544 w
10 CW f
(cycle)720 4664 w
10 R f
(,)1020 4664 w
10 CW f
(exit)1077 4664 w
10 R f
(, and named loops\), local arrays of dimensions that depend on arguments and common val-)14 3723 1 1317 4664 t
(ues, and such types as)4 879 1 720 4784 t
10 CW f
(logical*1)1624 4784 w
10 R f
(,)2164 4784 w
10 CW f
(logical*2)2214 4784 w
10 R f
(,)2754 4784 w
10 CW f
(integer*1)2804 4784 w
10 R f
(or)3370 4784 w
10 CW f
(byte)3479 4784 w
10 R f
( our main concern is with)5 1023(. Since)1 298 2 3719 4784 t
( so far refrained from these further)6 1420(making portable Fortran 77 libraries available to the C world, we have)11 2900 2 720 4904 t
( commercial vendors will wish to provide some of these extensions.)10 2711(extensions. Perhaps)1 813 2 720 5024 t
10 B f
(10. REFERENCES)1 823 1 720 5266 t
10 R f
([1])720 5423 w
10 I f
(American National Standard Programming Language FORTRAN,)5 2786 1 970 5423 t
10 R f
(American National Standards)2 1233 1 3807 5423 t
( X3.9-1978.)1 480( ANSI)1 283(Institute, New York, NY, 1978.)4 1265 3 970 5543 t
10 R f
([2])720 5700 w
10 I f
(American National Standard for Information Systems Programming Language Fortran,)8 3648 1 970 5700 t
10 R f
(CBEMA,)4659 5700 w
( S8, Version 112.)3 697(1989. Draft)1 485 2 970 5820 t
10 R f
([3])720 5977 w
10 I f
(American National Standard for Information Systems \320 Programming Language \320 C,)10 3638 1 970 5977 t
10 R f
(American)4647 5977 w
( X3.159-1989.)1 580( ANSI)1 283(National Standards Institute, New York, NY, 1990.)6 2053 3 970 6097 t
10 R f
([4])720 6254 w
10 I f
( Manual,)1 368(UNIX Time Sharing System Programmer's)4 1739 2 970 6254 t
10 R f
( Edition,)1 352( Tenth)1 290(AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1990.)3 1289 3 3109 6254 t
(Volume 1.)1 422 1 970 6374 t
10 R f
( of Mathematical Software by Electronic Mail,'')6 1950( J. Dongarra and E. Grosse, ``Distribution)6 1684([5] J.)1 314 3 720 6531 t
10 I f
(Commu-)4696 6531 w
(nications of the ACM)3 853 1 970 6651 t
10 B f
(30)1848 6651 w
10 R f
(#5 \(May 1987\), pp. 403\261407.)4 1174 1 1973 6651 t
10 R f
( P. J. Weinberger, ``A Portable Fortran 77 Compiler,'' in)9 2286( I. Feldman and)3 627([6] S.)1 331 3 720 6808 t
10 I f
(Unix Programmer's Man-)2 1050 1 3990 6808 t
(ual, Volume II)2 574 1 970 6928 t
10 R f
(, Holt, Rinehart and Winston \(1983\).)5 1471 1 1544 6928 t
10 R f
( A. Fox, A. D. Hall, and N. L. Schryer, ``Algorithm 528: Framework for a Portable Library,'')16 3751([7] P.)1 331 2 720 7085 t
10 I f
(ACM)4829 7085 w
(Trans. Math. Software)2 901 1 970 7205 t
10 B f
(4)1896 7205 w
10 R f
(\(June 1978\), pp. 177\261188.)3 1049 1 1971 7205 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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10 R f
(- 23 -)2 216 1 2772 480 t
( D. Hall, and N. L. Schryer, ``The)7 1478( A. Fox, A.)3 501([8] P.)1 331 3 720 840 t
8 R f
(PORT)3073 840 w
10 R f
(Mathematical Subroutine Library,'')2 1464 1 3322 840 t
10 I f
(ACM)4829 840 w
(Trans. Math. Software)2 901 1 970 960 t
10 B f
(4)1896 960 w
10 R f
(\(June 1978\), pp. 104\261126.)3 1049 1 1971 960 t
10 R f
( in)1 114( C. Johnson, ``A Portable Compiler: Theory and Practice,'' pp. 97\261104)10 2941([9] S.)1 331 3 720 1116 t
10 I f
(Conference Record of)2 898 1 4142 1116 t
( Languages)1 469(the Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming)8 2670 2 970 1236 t
10 R f
(, Association for Com-)3 931 1 4109 1236 t
(puting Machinery \(1978\).)2 1029 1 970 1356 t
10 R f
( W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie,)6 1359([10] B.)1 342 2 720 1512 t
10 I f
(The C Programming Language,)3 1278 1 2446 1512 t
10 R f
(Prentice-Hall, 1978.)1 807 1 3749 1512 t
10 R f
( D. M. Ritchie,)3 633( W. Kernighan and)3 789([11] B.)1 342 3 720 1668 t
10 I f
(The C Programming Language,)3 1311 1 2520 1668 t
10 R f
( Second)1 355(Prentice-Hall, 1988.)1 818 2 3867 1668 t
(Edition)970 1788 w
10 R f
( M. A. Saunders, ``MINOS 5.1 User's Guide,'' Technical Report SOL 83-20R)11 3282( A. Murtagh and)3 696([12] B.)1 342 3 720 1944 t
( CA.)1 189( Stanford,)1 419( Optimization Laboratory, Stanford University,)4 1887(\(1987\), Systems)1 675 4 970 2064 t
10 R f
( G. Ryder, ``The PFORT Veri\256er,'')5 1425([13] B.)1 342 2 720 2220 t
10 I f
(Software Practice and Experience)3 1367 1 2512 2220 t
10 B f
(4)3904 2220 w
10 R f
(\(1974\), pp. 359\261377.)2 841 1 3979 2220 t
10 R f
( Test of a Computer's Floating-point Arithmetic Unit,'' in)8 2388( L. Schryer, ``A)3 655([14] N.)1 347 3 720 2376 t
10 I f
(Sources and Develop-)2 897 1 4143 2376 t
(ment of Mathematical Software)3 1258 1 970 2496 t
10 R f
(, ed. W. Cowell, Prentice-Hall \(1981\).)5 1525 1 2228 2496 t
10 R f
( Stroustrup,)1 467([15] B.)1 342 2 720 2652 t
10 I f
(The C++ Programming Language,)3 1414 1 1554 2652 t
10 R f
(Addison-Wesley, 1986.)1 946 1 2993 2652 t
10 B f
(Appendix A: Commercial Fortran-to-C Vendors)4 2069 1 720 2892 t
10 R f
( following vendors offer Fortran to C conversion ser-)8 2132(At the time of this writing, we are aware that the)10 1938 2 970 3048 t
( include them in updated ver-)5 1193( vendors are invited to inform us of their existence, so we may)12 2553(vice. Omitted)1 574 3 720 3168 t
(sions of this appendix.)3 900 1 720 3288 t
(Cobalt Blue)1 481 1 2520 3528 t
(875 Old Roswell Road)3 914 1 2520 3648 t
(Suite D400)1 453 1 2520 3768 t
(Roswell, GA 30076)2 797 1 2520 3888 t
(\(404\) 518\2611116; FAX \(404\) 640\2611182)4 1560 1 2520 4008 t
(PROMULA Development Corporation)2 1560 1 2520 4368 t
(Columbus, OH)1 606 1 2520 4488 t
(\(614\) 263\2615454)1 641 1 2520 4608 t
(Rapitech Systems)1 714 1 2520 4968 t
(Of\256ce Center at Montebello)3 1123 1 2520 5088 t
(400 Rella Blvd.)2 631 1 2520 5208 t
(Suffern, NY 10901)2 768 1 2520 5328 t
(\(914\) 368\2613000)1 641 1 2520 5448 t
10 R f
(March 22, 1995)2 635 1 2550 7560 t
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9 B f
( \( 1 \))3 126( F2C)1 1621( \))1 37( B)1 83( Appendix)1 382( \()1 68( System V)2 386( UNIX)1 1686(F2C \( 1 \))3 291 9 540 480 t
(NAME)540 960 w
10 R f
(f2c \261 Convert Fortran 77 to C or C++)8 1500 1 900 1080 t
9 B f
(SYNOPSIS)540 1248 w
10 B f
(f 2c)1 135 1 900 1368 t
10 R f
([)1060 1368 w
10 I f
(option ...)1 356 1 1118 1368 t
10 R f
(])1499 1368 w
10 I f
(\256le ...)1 222 1 1557 1368 t
9 B f
(DESCRIPTION)540 1536 w
10 I f
(F2c)900 1656 w
10 R f
(converts Fortran 77 source code in)5 1413 1 1086 1656 t
10 I f
(\256les)2530 1656 w
10 R f
( in)1 110(with names ending)2 767 2 2722 1656 t
10 CW f
(.f)3631 1656 w
10 R f
(or)3783 1656 w
10 CW f
(.F)3898 1656 w
10 R f
(to C \(or C++\) source \256les in)6 1170 1 4050 1656 t
(the current directory, with)3 1069 1 900 1776 t
10 CW f
(.c)2003 1776 w
10 R f
(substituted for the \256nal)3 949 1 2156 1776 t
10 CW f
(.f)3138 1776 w
10 R f
(or)3291 1776 w
10 CW f
(.F)3407 1776 w
10 R f
( no Fortran \256les are named,)5 1138(. If)1 149 2 3527 1776 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 130 1 4847 1776 t
10 R f
(reads)5010 1776 w
(Fortran from standard input and writes C on standard output.)9 2458 1 900 1896 t
10 I f
(File)3411 1896 w
10 R f
(names that end with)3 814 1 3601 1896 t
10 CW f
(.p)4444 1896 w
10 R f
(or)4593 1896 w
10 CW f
(.P)4705 1896 w
10 R f
(are taken)1 366 1 4854 1896 t
(to be prototype \256les, as produced by option)7 1732 1 900 2016 t
10 CW f
(-P)2657 2016 w
10 R f
(, and are read \256rst.)4 742 1 2777 2016 t
(The following options have the same meaning as in)8 2059 1 900 2184 t
10 I f
(f 77)1 136 1 2984 2184 t
10 R f
(\(1\).)3128 2184 w
10 B f
(-C)900 2352 w
10 R f
(Compile code to check that subscripts are within declared array bounds.)10 2875 1 1260 2352 t
10 B f
(-I2)900 2520 w
10 R f
(Render INTEGER and LOGICAL as short, INTEGER)6 2224 1 1260 2520 t
10 S f
(*)3484 2520 w
10 R f
( the default)2 465( Assume)1 380(4 as long int.)3 541 3 3534 2520 t
10 I f
(libF77)4953 2520 w
10 R f
(and)1260 2640 w
10 I f
(libI77)1442 2640 w
10 R f
( only INTEGER)2 681(: allow)1 313 2 1681 2640 t
10 S f
(*)2675 2640 w
10 R f
( Option)1 340(4 \(and no LOGICAL\) variables in INQUIREs.)6 1938 2 2725 2640 t
10 CW f
(-I4)5040 2640 w
10 R f
(con\256rms the default rendering of INTEGER as long int.)8 2233 1 1260 2760 t
10 B f
(-I)900 2928 w
10 I f
(dir)972 2928 w
10 R f
( in directo-)2 452(Look for a non-absolute include \256le \256rst in the directory of the current input \256le, then)15 3508 2 1260 2928 t
(ries speci\256ed by)2 661 1 1260 3048 t
10 CW f
(-I)1952 3048 w
10 R f
( Options)1 372( option\).)1 344(options \(one directory per)3 1052 3 2103 3048 t
10 CW f
(-I2)3936 3048 w
10 R f
(and)4146 3048 w
10 CW f
(-I4)4320 3048 w
10 R f
(have precedence,)1 690 1 4530 3048 t
(so, e.g., a directory named)4 1053 1 1260 3168 t
10 CW f
(2)2338 3168 w
10 R f
(should be speci\256ed by)3 891 1 2423 3168 t
10 CW f
(-I./2)3339 3168 w
10 R f
(.)3664 3168 w
10 B f
(-onetrip)900 3336 w
10 R f
( 77 DO loops are not per-)6 1050( \(Fortran)1 382( that are performed at least once if reached.)8 1764(Compile DO loops)2 764 4 1260 3456 t
(formed at all if the upper limit is smaller than the lower limit.\))12 2490 1 1260 3576 t
10 B f
(-U)900 3744 w
10 R f
( keywords must be in)4 855( Fortran)1 344(Honor the case of variable and external names.)7 1872 3 1260 3744 t
10 I f
(lower)4356 3744 w
10 R f
(case.)4609 3744 w
10 B f
(-u)900 3912 w
10 R f
(Make the default type of a variable `unde\256ned' rather than using the default Fortran rules.)14 3589 1 1260 3912 t
10 B f
(-w)900 4080 w
10 R f
(Suppress all warning messages, or, if the option is)8 2004 1 1260 4080 t
10 CW f
(-w66)3289 4080 w
10 R f
(, just Fortran 66 compatibility warnings.)5 1614 1 3529 4080 t
(The following options are peculiar to)5 1484 1 900 4248 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 130 1 2409 4248 t
10 R f
(.)2547 4248 w
10 B f
(-A)900 4416 w
10 R f
(Produce)1260 4416 w
9 R f
(ANSI)1610 4416 w
10 R f
( is old-style C.)3 584(C. Default)1 441 2 1845 4416 t
10 B f
(-a)900 4584 w
10 R f
( appear in a)3 489(Make local variables automatic rather than static unless they)8 2476 2 1260 4584 t
9 R f
(DATA, EQUIVALENCE,)1 963 1 4257 4584 t
(NAMELIST,)1260 4704 w
10 R f
(or)1763 4704 w
9 R f
(SAVE)1869 4704 w
10 R f
(statement.)2129 4704 w
10 B f
(-C++)900 4872 w
10 R f
(Output C++ code.)2 720 1 1260 4872 t
10 B f
(-c)900 5040 w
10 R f
(Include original Fortran source as comments.)5 1808 1 1260 5040 t
10 B f
(-cd)900 5208 w
10 R f
( com-)1 238(Do not recognize cdabs, cdcos, cdexp, cdlog, cdsin, and cdsqrt as synonyms for the double)14 3722 2 1260 5208 t
(plex intrinsics zabs, zcos, zexp, zlog, zsin, and zsqrt, respectively.)9 2634 1 1260 5328 t
10 B f
(-d)900 5496 w
10 I f
(dir)989 5496 w
10 R f
(Write)1260 5496 w
10 CW f
(.c)1512 5496 w
10 R f
(\256les in directory)2 655 1 1657 5496 t
10 I f
(dir)2337 5496 w
10 R f
(instead of the current directory.)4 1255 1 2479 5496 t
10 B f
(-E)900 5664 w
10 R f
(Declare uninitialized)1 834 1 1260 5664 t
9 R f
(COMMON)2117 5664 w
10 R f
(to be)1 197 1 2557 5664 t
10 B f
(Extern)2779 5664 w
10 R f
(\(overridably de\256ned in)2 915 1 3098 5664 t
10 CW f
(f2c.h)4038 5664 w
10 R f
(as)4363 5664 w
10 B f
(extern\).)4471 5664 w
(-ec)900 5832 w
10 R f
(Place uninitialized)1 780 1 1260 5832 t
9 R f
(COMMON)2102 5832 w
10 R f
(blocks in separate \256les:)3 1052 1 2581 5832 t
10 B f
(COMMON /ABC/)1 819 1 3697 5832 t
10 R f
(appears in \256le)2 640 1 4580 5832 t
10 B f
(abc)1260 5952 w
10 S f
(_)1410 5952 w
10 B f
(com.c)1460 5952 w
10 R f
(. Option)1 359 1 1706 5952 t
10 CW f
(-e1c)2096 5952 w
10 R f
(bundles the separate \256les into the output \256le, with comments that give)11 2854 1 2366 5952 t
(an unbundling)1 575 1 1260 6072 t
10 I f
(sed)1860 6072 w
10 R f
(\(1\) script.)1 388 1 2001 6072 t
10 B f
(-ext)900 6240 w
10 R f
(Complain about)1 642 1 1260 6240 t
10 I f
(f 77)1 136 1 1927 6240 t
10 R f
(\(1\) extensions.)1 588 1 2071 6240 t
10 B f
(-f)900 6408 w
10 R f
( 72 and do not pad \256xed-format lines shorter)8 1861(Assume free-format input: accept text after column)6 2099 2 1260 6408 t
(than 72 characters with blanks.)4 1239 1 1260 6528 t
10 B f
(-72)900 6696 w
10 R f
(Treat text appearing after column 72 as an error.)8 1930 1 1260 6696 t
10 B f
(-g)900 6864 w
10 R f
(Include original Fortran line numbers in)5 1601 1 1260 6864 t
10 CW f
(#line)2886 6864 w
10 R f
(lines.)3211 6864 w
10 B f
(-h)900 7032 w
10 R f
( strings on word \(or, if the option)7 1334(Emulate Fortran 66's treatment of Hollerith: try to align character)9 2626 2 1260 7032 t
(is)1260 7152 w
10 CW f
(-hd)1352 7152 w
10 R f
(, on double-word\) boundaries.)3 1206 1 1532 7152 t
( 24)1 125( Page)1 3997(May 12, 1996)2 558 3 540 7680 t
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26 pagesetup
9 B f
( \( 1 \))3 126( F2C)1 1621( \))1 37( B)1 83( Appendix)1 382( \()1 68( System V)2 386( UNIX)1 1686(F2C \( 1 \))3 291 9 540 480 t
10 B f
(-i2)900 960 w
10 R f
(Similar to)1 407 1 1260 960 t
10 B f
(-I2)1701 960 w
10 R f
( assume a modi\256ed)3 799(, but)1 187 2 1823 960 t
10 I f
(libF77)2844 960 w
10 R f
(and)3146 960 w
10 I f
(libI77)3325 960 w
10 R f
(\(compiled with)1 618 1 3599 960 t
10 B f
(-Df 2c)1 240 1 4252 960 t
10 S f
(_)4492 960 w
10 B f
(i2)4542 960 w
10 R f
(\), so)1 182 1 4620 960 t
9 R f
(INTEGER)4835 960 w
10 R f
(and)1260 1080 w
9 R f
(LOGICAL)1427 1080 w
10 R f
(variables may be assigned by)4 1170 1 1847 1080 t
9 R f
(INQUIRE)3040 1080 w
10 R f
(and array lengths are stored in short ints.)7 1625 1 3435 1080 t
10 B f
(-i90)900 1248 w
10 R f
( iand, ibclr, ibits, ibset, ieor, ior,)6 1319(Do not recognize the Fortran 90 bit-manipulation intrinsics btest,)8 2641 2 1260 1248 t
(ishft, and ishftc.)2 644 1 1260 1368 t
10 B f
(-kr)900 1536 w
10 R f
( where K&R \(\256rst edition\) paren-)5 1389(Use temporary values to enforce Fortran expression evaluation)7 2571 2 1260 1536 t
( the option is)3 562( If)1 130(thesization rules allow rearrangement.)3 1566 3 1260 1656 t
10 CW f
(-krd)3557 1656 w
10 R f
(, use double precision temporaries)4 1423 1 3797 1656 t
(even for single-precision operands.)3 1402 1 1260 1776 t
10 B f
(-P)900 1944 w
10 R f
(Write a)1 310 1 1260 1944 t
10 I f
(\256le)1609 1944 w
10 B f
(.P)1739 1944 w
10 R f
(of ANSI \(or C++\) prototypes for de\256nitions in each input)9 2422 1 1864 1944 t
10 I f
(\256le)4325 1944 w
10 B f
(.f)4455 1944 w
10 R f
(or)4553 1944 w
10 I f
(\256le)4676 1944 w
10 B f
(.F)4806 1944 w
10 I f
(.)4892 1944 w
10 R f
(When)4982 1944 w
( Option)1 332( from standard input, write prototypes at the beginning of standard output.)11 3005(reading Fortran)1 623 3 1260 2064 t
10 B f
(-Ps)1260 2184 w
10 R f
(implies)1418 2184 w
10 B f
(-P)1738 2184 w
10 R f
(and gives exit status 4 if rerunning)6 1382 1 1857 2184 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 130 1 3264 2184 t
10 R f
(may change prototypes or declarations.)4 1566 1 3419 2184 t
10 B f
(-p)900 2352 w
10 R f
(Supply preprocessor de\256nitions to make common-block members look like local variables.)10 3638 1 1260 2352 t
10 B f
(-R)900 2520 w
10 R f
(Do not promote)2 633 1 1260 2520 t
9 R f
(REAL)1916 2520 w
10 R f
(functions and operations to)3 1085 1 2176 2520 t
9 R f
(DOUBLE PRECISION.)1 877 1 3284 2520 t
10 R f
(Option)4212 2520 w
10 CW f
(-!R)4516 2520 w
10 R f
(con\256rms the)1 498 1 4722 2520 t
(default, which imitates)2 913 1 1260 2640 t
10 I f
(f 77)1 136 1 2198 2640 t
10 R f
(.)2342 2640 w
10 B f
(-r)900 2808 w
10 R f
(Cast values of REAL functions \(including intrinsics\) to REAL.)8 2524 1 1260 2808 t
10 B f
(-r8)900 2976 w
10 R f
(Promote)1260 2976 w
9 R f
(REAL)1622 2976 w
10 R f
(to)1882 2976 w
9 R f
(DOUBLE PRECISION, COMPLEX)2 1329 1 1983 2976 t
10 R f
(to)3337 2976 w
9 R f
(DOUBLE COMPLEX.)1 841 1 3438 2976 t
10 B f
(-s)900 3144 w
10 R f
( by option)2 406( Suppressed)1 505(Preserve multidimensional subscripts.)2 1519 3 1260 3144 t
10 CW f
(-C)3715 3144 w
10 R f
(.)3860 3144 w
10 B f
(-T)900 3312 w
10 I f
(dir)1000 3312 w
10 R f
(Put temporary \256les in directory)4 1249 1 1260 3312 t
10 I f
(dir.)2534 3312 w
10 B f
(-w8)900 3480 w
10 R f
(Suppress warnings when)2 993 1 1260 3480 t
9 R f
(COMMON)2276 3480 w
10 R f
(or)2716 3480 w
9 R f
(EQUIVALENCE)2822 3480 w
10 R f
(forces odd-word alignment of doubles.)4 1550 1 3482 3480 t
10 B f
(-W)900 3648 w
10 I f
(n)1033 3648 w
10 R f
(Assume)1260 3648 w
10 I f
(n)1607 3648 w
10 R f
(characters/word \(default 4\) when initializing numeric variables with character data.)9 3324 1 1682 3648 t
10 B f
(-z)900 3816 w
10 R f
(Do not implicitly recognize)3 1102 1 1260 3816 t
9 R f
(DOUBLE COMPLEX.)1 841 1 2385 3816 t
10 B f
(-!bs)900 3984 w
10 R f
(Do not recognize)2 687 1 1260 3984 t
10 I f
(b)1972 3984 w
10 R f
(ack)2022 3984 w
10 I f
(s)2160 3984 w
10 R f
(lash escapes \(\\", \\', \\0, \\\\, \\b, \\f, \\n, \\r, \\t, \\v\) in character strings.)14 2516 1 2199 3984 t
10 B f
(-!c)900 4152 w
10 R f
(Inhibit C output, but produce)4 1164 1 1260 4152 t
10 B f
(-P)2449 4152 w
10 R f
(output.)2568 4152 w
10 B f
(-!I)900 4320 w
10 R f
(Reject)1260 4320 w
10 B f
(include)1540 4320 w
10 R f
(statements.)1877 4320 w
10 B f
(-!i8)900 4488 w
10 R f
(Disallow)1260 4488 w
9 R f
(INTEGER)1644 4488 w
9 S f
(*)2029 4488 w
9 R f
(8.)2074 4488 w
10 B f
(-!it)900 4656 w
10 R f
(Don't infer types of untyped)4 1149 1 1260 4656 t
9 R f
(EXTERNAL)2435 4656 w
10 R f
(procedures from use as parameters to previously de\256ned)7 2281 1 2939 4656 t
(or prototyped procedures.)2 1028 1 1260 4776 t
10 B f
(-!P)900 4944 w
10 R f
(Do not attempt to infer)4 916 1 1260 4944 t
9 R f
(ANSI)2199 4944 w
10 R f
(or C++ prototypes from usage.)4 1230 1 2434 4944 t
(The resulting C invokes the support routines of)7 1927 1 900 5112 t
10 I f
(f 77)1 136 1 2858 5112 t
10 R f
( be loaded by)3 556(; object code should)3 820 2 3002 5112 t
10 I f
(f 77)1 136 1 4410 5112 t
10 R f
(or with)1 293 1 4578 5112 t
10 I f
(ld)4903 5112 w
10 R f
(\(1\) or)1 231 1 4989 5112 t
10 I f
(cc)900 5232 w
10 R f
(\(1\) options)1 436 1 996 5232 t
10 B f
(-lF77 -lI77 -lm)2 616 1 1457 5232 t
10 R f
( conventions are those of)4 998(. Calling)1 370 2 2073 5232 t
10 I f
(f77)3466 5232 w
10 R f
(: see the reference below.)4 1015 1 3602 5232 t
9 B f
(FILES)540 5400 w
10 I f
(\256le)900 5520 w
10 B f
(.[fF])1030 5520 w
10 R f
(input \256le)1 359 1 2160 5520 t
10 S f
(*)900 5688 w
10 B f
(.c)950 5688 w
10 R f
(output \256le)1 409 1 2160 5688 t
10 CW f
(/usr/include/f2c.h)900 5856 w
10 R f
(header \256le)1 418 1 2160 5856 t
10 CW f
(/usr/lib/libF77.a)900 6024 w
10 R f
(intrinsic function library)2 977 1 2160 6024 t
10 CW f
(/usr/lib/libI77.a)900 6192 w
10 R f
(Fortran I/O library)2 743 1 2160 6192 t
10 CW f
(/lib/libc.a)900 6360 w
10 R f
(C library, see section 3)4 918 1 2160 6360 t
9 B f
(SEE ALSO)1 438 1 540 6528 t
10 R f
(S. I. Feldman and P. J. Weinberger, `A Portable Fortran 77 Compiler',)11 3091 1 900 6648 t
10 I f
( Sharing System)2 696(UNIX Time)1 483 2 4041 6648 t
(Programmer's Manual)1 924 1 900 6768 t
10 R f
(, Tenth Edition, Volume 2, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1990.)8 2368 1 1824 6768 t
9 B f
(DIAGNOSTICS)540 6936 w
10 R f
(The diagnostics produced by)3 1151 1 900 7056 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 130 1 2076 7056 t
10 R f
(are intended to be self-explanatory.)4 1410 1 2231 7056 t
( 12, 1996)2 375( May)1 3986(Page 25)1 319 3 540 7680 t
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9 B f
( \( 1 \))3 126( F2C)1 1621( \))1 37( B)1 83( Appendix)1 382( \()1 68( System V)2 386( UNIX)1 1686(F2C \( 1 \))3 291 9 540 480 t
(BUGS)540 960 w
10 R f
( machine running)2 721(Floating-point constant expressions are simpli\256ed in the \257oating-point arithmetic of the)10 3599 2 900 1080 t
10 I f
(f 2c)1 130 1 900 1200 t
10 R f
(, so they are typically accurate to at most 16 or 17 decimal places.)13 2631 1 1038 1200 t
(Untypable)900 1320 w
9 R f
(EXTERNAL)1339 1320 w
10 R f
(functions are declared)2 880 1 1839 1320 t
10 B f
(int)2744 1320 w
10 R f
(.)2861 1320 w
( 26)1 125( Page)1 3997(May 12, 1996)2 558 3 540 7680 t
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